Electronic diplomacy: A study of the nature, requirements, and implications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n2y2019.pp20-36Keywords:
الدبلوماسية الإلكترونية, العلاقات الدبلوماسية, وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي, الدبلوماسية العامة, السياسة الخارجية, العلاقات الدوليةAbstract
This research treats a new and contemporary subject, i.e. e-diplomacy. Diplomacy has been transformed as a tool of foreign policy and a new pattern of diplomatic practice has emerged through the establishment of virtual embassies and websites of foreign ministries and diplomatic institutions, and also through the large presence of diplomats on social network websites. Additionally, this has been utilized in diplomatic administration and public diplomacy to achieve diplomatic goals. This research focuses on the concept of e-diplomacy and highlights its main characteristics and opportunities it offers to international units. It also focuses on the most important necessities and implications of using e-diplomacy, pros and cons to challenges and risks. With the opportunities offered by such diplomacy to international units in the exercise of their external relations, there are many requirements for such diplomacy. The research has proved its hypothesis which is that the diplomacy of international units cannot be successful if they fail or neglect to provide the essential requirements for e-diplomacy. They really need to use this diplomacy if they want their diplomacy to succeed and develop or if they are to respond to developments in diplomacy, communication technology, and information. Ignoring this will expose them to isolation from the international community, because the role of international relations, now in the official and popular spheres, depends largely on e-diplomacy, especially public diplomacy. It formulates faster communication channels and more efficient than traditional channels and can reach a wider audience, as well as administrative, structural, and informational capabilities it provides.
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أولا/ العربية والمعرَّبة:
اتفاقية فيننا للعلاقات الدبلوماسية لعام (1961).
أنوزلا. علي. الدبلوماسية الرقمية، مقال نشره موقع الجزيرة على الرابط التالي: https://blogs.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/3/8/الدبلوماسية-الرقمية
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الرويتع. خالد بن إبراهيم. (2013)، الدبلوماسية العامة الرقمية والسياسة الخارجية، الشرق الأوسط. العدد (12785)، متوفر على الرابط التالي: https://aawsat.com/home/article/11373
سيراكوسا. جوزيف إم. (2015). الدبلوماسية: مقدمة قصيرة جداً. ترجمة: كوثر محمود محمد. مؤسسة هنداوي للتعليم والثقافة، مصر. القاهرة.
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الفراوي. نزار. (2016). الثقافة والقوة الناعمة: حروب الأفكار في السياسة الخارجية، مركز برق للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، دراسة منشورة متوفرة على الرابط التالي:https://bit.ly/2se4A2j
عبد الصادق. عادل. الدبلوماسية الإلكترونية والمدخل الجديد لإدارة السياسة الخارجية، دوريات - مفاهيم استراتيجية، مقال منشور في موقع المركز العربي لأبحاث الفضاء الإلكتروني، على الرابط التالي: http://accronline.com/article_detail.aspx?id=28976
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العجرمي. محمود عبد ربه. (2011) الدبلوماسية: النظرية والممارسة. على الرابط التالي: http://cutt.us/Awf8P
ثانياً/ الكوردية:
بةرزنجي. دانا عةلي سالَح. (2017). دةروازةيةك بؤ ثةيوةنديية دبلؤماسي و كونسولَيية هاوضةرخةكان. سةنتةري زةهاوي بؤ ليَكؤلَينةوةي فيكريي. سليَماني. هةريَمي كوردستان. عيَراق.
ثالثاً/ الإنجليزية:
Adesina. Olubukola S. (2016). Foreign Policy in an Era of Digital Diplomacy. AJPSSI. University of Ibadan. Nigeria. Vol 19. No3.169-189.On: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310796852_Foreign_policy_in_an_era_of_digital_diplomacy
Ayhan. Kadir Jun. (2018). The Boundaries of Public Diplomacy and Non-State Actors: A Taxonomy of Perspectives. International Studies Perspectives. International Studies Perspectives· 1-33 on: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326056416_Who_are_publics_in_public_diplomacy_Proposing_a_taxonomy_of_foreign_publics_as_an_intersection_between_symbolic_environment_and_behavioral_experiences
Berridge. G. R. & James. Alan. (2003). A Dictionary of Diplomacy. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. New York.
Bjola. Corneliu. (2018-A). Digital Diplomacy Myths. Published on USC Center on Public Diplomacy. on: https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/digital-diplomacy-myths
Bjola. Corneliu. (2018-B. November 11). Trends and Counter-Trends in Digital Diplomacy. in: Volker Stanzel (Ed.). New Realities in Foreign Affairs: Diplomacy in the 21st Century. SWP Research Paper. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik: German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Berlin-Germany. on: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2018RP11_sze.pdf
Bollier. David. (2003). The Rise of Netpolitic: How the Internet Is Changing International Politics and Diplomacy A Report of the Eleventh Annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on Information Technology. The Aspen Institute. Washington. DC.
Bosse. Bernadette. (2015). Electronic vs. Digital data. On: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/electronic-vs-digital-data-bernadette-bosse
Burson-Marsteller. (2018. December 4). World Leaders on Instagram. Geneva. On: https://twiplomacy.com/blog/world-leaders-instagram-2018/
Danda. Steven James. (2014). An Evaluation of Cyber Diplomacy Against The Threat of Cyber Crime: The Cace Of The US PRISM Programme Leak. Master Thesis. Department of Political And Administrative Studies. Faculity of Social Studies Univercity of Zimbabwe.
de Keulenaar. Emillie V. & Melissen. Jan. (2018. November 11). Critical Digital Diplomacy and How Theory Can Inform Practice. in: : Volker Stanzel (Ed.). New Realities in Foreign Affairs: Diplomacy in the 21st Century. SWP Research Paper. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik: German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Berlin-Germany. on: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2018RP11_sze.pdf
Deos. Anthony S. Digital Diplomacy & Social Capital: Analysing Relational Components of Trust in US & Israeli Online Social Networks. University of Otago. Otago. On: https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/5800/DeosAnthonyS2015PhD.pdf?sequence=1
Diplo Foundation. (2015). “What is e-diplomacy anyway?” on: http://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/what-e-diplomacy-anyway.
Dizard. Wilson. (2001, Summer). Digital Diplomacy US foreign policy in the information , International Journal. (56). 3. 552.on: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40203598.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A547ebe6e9fcf45bdd137d625121ef80b
Grincheva. Natalia. (2013. March). Cultural Diplomacy 2.0: Challenges and Opportunities in Museum International Practices. museum and society. University of Leicester. Vol 11. No 1. 39-49 on: https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/mas/article/view/221/234
Hanson. Fergus. (2012. March) Revolution @State: The Spread of Ediplomacy. Lowy Institute for International Policy. Sydney. On: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/03_ediplomacy_hanson.pdf
Hocking. Brian. & Melissen. Jan. (2015). Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Clingendael Report. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. The Netherlands.
Hocking. Brian. (2005). Rethinking the ‘New’ Public Diplomacy. In: Jan Melissen (Editor). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. New York.
Hoffmann. Helen. (2013). Twitter as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy: A Case Study of Sweden and Germany. Master of Arts Thesis Euroculture. University of Göttingen. University of Uppsala. June 30. on: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:653015/FULLTEXT01.pdf
https://blogs.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/3/8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9
Ilan Manor & Elad Segev & Ronit Kampf. Digital Diplomacy 2.0? A cross-national comparison of public engagement in Facebook and Twitter. the Hague Journal of Diplomacy. Volume 10. Issue 4. 2015. on: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283259027
Ilan Manor. The Digitalization of Diplomacy: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Terminology. DigDiploROx Working Paper No. 2. Oxford Digital Diplomacy Research Group. University of Oxford (Jan 2018). p.3. Available from: http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.odid.ox.ac.uk/files/DigDiploROxWP2.pdf
Ilan Manor. What is Digital Diplomacy. and how is it Practiced around the World? A brief introduction. The 2016 Annual Review of the Diplomatist Magazine http://www.diplomatist.com/dipoannual2016/index.html?pageNumber=36
International Telecommunication Union. (2018). Measuring the Information Society Report. Volume 1. Geneva. Switzerland. On: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2018/MISR-2018-Vol-1-E.pdf
Kurbalija. Jovan. (2013). E-Diplomacy and Diplomatic Law in the Internet Era. in: Katharina Ziolkowski (ed.). Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace. International Law. International Relations and Diplomacy. NATO CCD COE Publication. Tallinn- Estonia.
Lüfkens. Matthias. (2016). Twiplomacy Study. Burson-Marsteller. Geneva. June 2016. On: https://twiplomacy.com/blog/twiplomacy-study-2016/
Lüfkens. Matthias. (2018). Twiplomacy Study 2018. Burson-Marsteller. Geneva. July 2018. On: https://twiplomacy.com/blog/twiplomacy-study-2018/
Martin. Todd. (2001). Virtual Diplomacy. E-merge – A student Journal of International Affairs. Volume 2. on: http://www.diplomatonline.com/pdf_files/npsia/volume%202%20archive%20(2001).pdf#page=5
Melissen. Jan. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In: Jan Melissen (Editor). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. New York.
Momengoh. Nick Parfait. (2013) Secret Diplomacy: The Practice of Back Channel Diplomacy by Liberal Democratic States. A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers. The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the equirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Global Affairs. Newark. New Jersey.
Nicolson. Harold. (1942). Diplomacy. Oxford Uniersity Press. London.
Nye. Joseph S. (2018). Is Cyber the Perfect Weapon? On: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/cyber-perfect-weapon
Pierinmi. Gabriele. (2016/2017). Cyber security meets diplomacy: the EU-NATO cooperation and the Italian case. LUISS. Department of Political Science. Master's Degree in International Relations – Global Studies. Chair of Security Studies. Academic Year.
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Published
2019-04-11
How to Cite
Salih Barznji, D. A. (2019). Electronic diplomacy: A study of the nature, requirements, and implications. Journal of University of Human Development, 5(2), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n2y2019.pp20-36
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