The period of the Anatolian states 1150-550 BC
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v11n1y2025.pp61-67Keywords:
Anatolia, Iron Age, Hittites, Aeolians, IoniansAbstract
At the onset of the Iron Age, central and western ancient Anatolia underwent a significant transformation, particularly following the decline and fall of the Hittite Empire around 1200 BC. This led to the collapse of central authority and subsequent rapid changes. The imperial era came to an end as various Indo-European, Greek, and other groups migrated into the region, resulting in widespread devastation. Each emerging power brought its own distinct national identity and civilization, marking a new phase for the area. Historical events indicate that during this time, numerous local leaders and states arose alongside foreign influences due to migrations and attacks. This research, shed light on the situation and changes in the central and western Anatolia during this period
References
یەکەم: بە زمانی عەرەبی:
باقر, طه, 2009, مقدمة في تاريخ الحضارات القديمة, الجزء الأول, الطبعة الأولي, شركة دار الوراق النشر المحدودة, بيروت-لبنان.
حسین، إیمان لفتە.، ٢٠١٤، مملكة ليديا(687-546 ق.م) تاريخهاو حضارتها, مجلة مركز بابل للدراسات الإنسانية, المجلد4, عدد3, جامعة القادسية.
سلیم، احمد، امین، ٢٠٠٠، تاریخ العراق- ایران اسیا الصغر، دار المعرفة الجمعية الطبع و النشر و التوزيع, الاسكندرية.
الهاشمي، سامی، سعید، ١٩٩٠ تاريخ الشرق الادنى القديم ايران و الاناضول, مكتبة المهتدين الاسلامية.
دووەم: بە زمانی بیانی:
Birgal, Ã. and Akat, R., 2017, Cultural values in eastern Anatolia and southeast Anatolia, Turkey, International Journal of Sciences, 6(08), pp.140-147.
Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, N. G. L. Hammond, 2008, The Cambridge Ancient History The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C, 2th edition, VOL. III, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, London.
Bryce, T., 2005, the kingdom of the Hittites, OUP Oxford.
Camac, S., 1998, The Eastern foundations: Near Eastern influence on the Ionian Presocratics and the transmission of Eastern religious ideas to Ionia (Doctoral dissertation, Montana State University-Bozeman, College of Letters & Science).
Düring, B.S., 2010. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies, Cambridge University Press.
Gates, C., 2011. Ancient cities: The archaeology of urban life in the Ancient near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome, Routledge.
Harl, K.W. and Dunton, T., 1978, Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor, A thesis submitted to Tulane University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor Philosophy in History, Tulane Uiversity, School of History Louisiana.
Herodotus, 2012, The Histories, book one, translated by George Rawlinson, Roman Roads Media, Moscow.
Hoffner Jr, H.A. and Melchert, H.C., 2008. A Grammar of the Hittite Language: Part 1 Reference Grammar, PSU Department of English.
Kloekhorst A. 2009, Luwians, Lydians, Etruscans, and Troy The Linguistic Landscape of Northwestern Anatolia in the Pre-Classical Period, Leiden Univeristy, Leiden.
Laflı, Ε., Şahin, G.K. and Labarre, G., 2017, Forthcoming, Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century BC-6th century AD), Colloquia Anatolica Aegaea–Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae IV. Besancon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comte.
Matessi, A., 2016, The making of Hittite imperial landscapes: territoriality and balance of power in south-central Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 3 (2), pp.117-162.
Mokrisova, J., 2017, On the Move: Mobility in Southwest Anatolia and the Southeast Aegean during the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age Transition (Doctoral dissertation).
Mora, C. and d’Alfonso, L., 2012, Anatolia after the end of the Hittite Empire: new evidence from Southern Cappadocia.
Roosevelt, C.H., 2010, Lidyalilardn once Lydya, Kulture Ve Turizm Bakanligi, Istanbul.
Ross, etal, 2019, Anatolian Empires: Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies, VOL.7, Pennsylvania state University.
Sagona, A. and Zimansky, P., 2015, ancient Turkey, Routledge, London.
Scarre, C., Fagan, B. and Golden, C., 2006, Ancient Civilization,4th edition, Routledge, New York.
Steadman, S.R., and McMahon, G. eds., 2011, The Oxford handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000-323 BCE), Oxford University Press.
Summers, G. D., 2016, Medes, Lydian, the «Battle of the Eclipse» and the Historicity of Herodotus, the Kerkenes Project, Chicago.
Camac, S., 1998, The Eastern Foundations Near Eastern Influence on the Ionian Presocratics and The Transmissions of Eastern Religious ideas to Ionia, Montana state University, Bozeman.
Zacharias, D.J., Rookhujzen, V., 1988, Gazing with Herodotus at the Persian invasion in the landscape of Greece and Anatolia, Radboud University, London.
Tilbe, F., Iskender, E. and Sirkeci, I., 2017, the migration conference 2017 proceedings.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dilman Mohammed sabir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.