Shia armed groups in the Middle East and its impact on political systems: Iraq as a case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n2y2017.pp760-778Abstract
معظم الآراء السياسة تقول أن السبب الرئيس لظهور المليشيات في العراق ،هو نظام الحكم فيه، الذي أعتمدعلى الطائفية في بناء مؤسسات الدولة، والتكتل السياسي، وإستيراد الأعراق المختلفة ودمجها بالشعب، وتلاحظ مثل هذه السياسة تاريخياً في نظام الحكم الإسلامي ،اذ أستقدم الأعراق المختلفة للحكم كالأتراك، وكذلك مجيء المماليك في حكم الدولة العباسية في العصر الثاني والثالث، وأصبحت الميليشيات سمة من سمات الدولة العراقية الحديثة سواء خلال عقود الهيمنة البريطانية، أوخلال الحكم الملكي، أو عبر عقود الإستقلال الوطني وإعلان الحكم الجمهوري بعد ثورة 14 تموز 1958، وإلى يومنا هذا في ظل الإحتلال الأمريكي .
References
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6. شمران ألعجلي ، الخريطة السياسية للمعارضة العراقية، دار الحكمة، لندن، 2000 .
7. عادل علي عبدالله، محركات السياسة الايرانية في منطقة الخليج العربي، دار المدارك للنشر، الامارات، 2010
8. علي عبد الأمير علاوي ، احتلال العراق ربح الحرب وخسارة السلام، بيروت،2009.
المصادر الانكليزية
1. Ayoob, M. (1995). ''The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System''. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
2. Davis, D &Pereira, A. (2003). ‘’Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation’’. Cambridge University Press
3. Alan Collins (2013). "Contemporary Security Studies". Oxford University Press.
4. Stefan Wolff (2006) "Ethnic Conflict- A Global Perceive". Oxford University Press.
5. Kim,T. (2009). ''The Sources of Insecurity in the Third World:External or Internal?Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS).
6. Brooks, T. D. (2015). "Legitimate Deliberate Democracy in Transition: Failure in the Democratization ofIraq by the United States from 2003-2014", Small Wars Foundation.
7. Achilles Batalas. (2003) "Send a Thief to Catch a Thief: State-Building and the Employment of Irregular Military Formations in Mid Nineteenth-Century Greece". Chapter of Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation by Diana Davis and Anthony w. Pereira. Cambridge University Press.
8. Ariel Ahram. (2011). "Proxy Warriors The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias". Stanford University Press.
9. Ariel I. Ahram( 2008). ''Devolution from Above: the Origins and Persistence of State-Sponsored Militias''. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University.
10. Alheis, A. (2011). " The Tribe and Democracy:The Case of Monarchist Iraq (1921-1958)", Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.
11. Krause, K. (2003). ''State-making and region-building: the interplay of domestic and regional security in the Middle East''. Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 26, Issue 3.
12. Black, J. (1998). ‘’ Military Organization and Military Change in Historical Perspective’’Journal of Military History. Vol. 62 Issue 4, p871.
13. Krause, K. (1996). ‘’ Insecurity and State Formation in the Global Military Order: The Middle East Case''. Vol. 2, Issue 3.
14. Wehrey, F. &Ahram, A. (2014). "The National Guard in Iraq: A Risky Strategy to Combat the Islamic State", the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1-6.
15. LaiaBalcells , Book Review. Of Ariel Ahram : proxy warrior: The rise and fall of state- sponsored militias, Journal of Democracy and security, 2012
16. Saeid, G. (2015). "Captive Society: The Basij Militia and Social Control in Iran..Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Columbia University Press.
17. Hague,R&Harrop, M. (2010). ''Comparative Government and Politics''. Palgrave Macmillan. P: 83-99
18. Ekman, J. (2009). "Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes". International Political Science Review. Vol. 30, No. 1. pp. 7–31.
19. Morlino, L. (2009). ''Are there hybrid regimes? Or are they just an optical illusion?'' European Political Science Review. Vol.1, Issue 2. pp. 273-296
الجرائد والمجلات
1. جريدة النهار، هل تسقط بغداد بيد داعش. 28-05-2015http://www.annahar.com/article/240423
2. خالد صاغية، احتكار الدولة للعنف، مقال منشور في جريدة السفيرن11\3\2006. www.voltairnet.org
3. أمين بن مسعود "عن 'الدول الهجينة' في العالم العربي". نُشرفي تأريخ 2015/05/26، العدد: 9929، ص(9). http://www.alarab.co.uk/article/Opinion/53177/%D8%B9%D9%86-
4. موفق الربيعي : نرفض دمج الحشد الشعبي بقوات الحرس الوطني.http://www.iraqnewsagency.com
1. Cockburn, P. (2005) ''Cricket but no chess in Sistani's vision for democratic Iraq''. The Independent.co.uk, News World.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/cricket-but-no-chess-in-sistanis-vision-for-democratic-iraq-1529714.html
2. Evans, G. (2003) ''Only self-rule will bring stability to Iraq''. The Crisis Group. 26 august. OP-ED Middle East & North Africa
https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian peninsula/iraq/only-self-rule-will-bring-stability-iraq
3. Khedery, A. (2014) ''Why we stuck with Maliki — and lost Iraq'' The Washington Post, July 03. Opinions.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-we-stuck-with-maliki--and-lost iraq/2014/07/03/0dd6a8a4-f7ec-11e3-a606 946fd632f9f1_story.html?utm_term=.59ff292250fe
4. Tures, J. (2014) ''How We Enabled ISIS By Disarming Iraqi Militias''. The Huffington Post. THE BLOG
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-a-tures/how-we-enabled-isis-by-di_b_5947796.html
5. Cole, J. (2014) "Top 10 Mistakes of former Iraq PM Nouri al-Maliki (That Ruined his Country)". Juan Cole's Blog. http://www.juancole.com/2014/08/mistakes-maliki-country.html
6. John R. Bolton (2015). "To Defeat ISIS, Create a Sunni State". The Opinion Pages | OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/opinion/john-bolton-to-defeat-isis-create-a-sunni-state.html?_r=0
7. Popular Crowd Forces in Iraq ( Al-Hashd al-shaabi ) .. Origin and Future “survey”. Rawabet Center for Research and Strategic Studies. http://rawabetcenter.com/en/?p=1037
8. Colum Lynch. (2004). "Rights Group Says Sudan's Government Aided Militias". washingtonpost.com>World>Afric>North Africa>Sudan.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63010-2004Jul19.html
2. - د.محمد المجذوب ود.طارق المجذوب، القانون الدولي الانساني، منشورات الحلبي الحقوقية، بيروت، 2009.
3. ال.بي.اليونستون، الثورة الايرانية-انتصار ام ماساة من كتاب الامن في الخليج الفارسي، ترجمة مركز البحوث والمعلومات، العدد12، 1984.
4. اية الله الخميني، الحكومة الاسلامية، دار الطليعة، بيروت، 1979.
5. د.عرفان عبد الحميد، نظرية ولاية الفقيه، دار عمار، عمان،1989.
6. شمران ألعجلي ، الخريطة السياسية للمعارضة العراقية، دار الحكمة، لندن، 2000 .
7. عادل علي عبدالله، محركات السياسة الايرانية في منطقة الخليج العربي، دار المدارك للنشر، الامارات، 2010
8. علي عبد الأمير علاوي ، احتلال العراق ربح الحرب وخسارة السلام، بيروت،2009.
المصادر الانكليزية
1. Ayoob, M. (1995). ''The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System''. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
2. Davis, D &Pereira, A. (2003). ‘’Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation’’. Cambridge University Press
3. Alan Collins (2013). "Contemporary Security Studies". Oxford University Press.
4. Stefan Wolff (2006) "Ethnic Conflict- A Global Perceive". Oxford University Press.
5. Kim,T. (2009). ''The Sources of Insecurity in the Third World:External or Internal?Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS).
6. Brooks, T. D. (2015). "Legitimate Deliberate Democracy in Transition: Failure in the Democratization ofIraq by the United States from 2003-2014", Small Wars Foundation.
7. Achilles Batalas. (2003) "Send a Thief to Catch a Thief: State-Building and the Employment of Irregular Military Formations in Mid Nineteenth-Century Greece". Chapter of Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation by Diana Davis and Anthony w. Pereira. Cambridge University Press.
8. Ariel Ahram. (2011). "Proxy Warriors The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias". Stanford University Press.
9. Ariel I. Ahram( 2008). ''Devolution from Above: the Origins and Persistence of State-Sponsored Militias''. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University.
10. Alheis, A. (2011). " The Tribe and Democracy:The Case of Monarchist Iraq (1921-1958)", Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.
11. Krause, K. (2003). ''State-making and region-building: the interplay of domestic and regional security in the Middle East''. Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 26, Issue 3.
12. Black, J. (1998). ‘’ Military Organization and Military Change in Historical Perspective’’Journal of Military History. Vol. 62 Issue 4, p871.
13. Krause, K. (1996). ‘’ Insecurity and State Formation in the Global Military Order: The Middle East Case''. Vol. 2, Issue 3.
14. Wehrey, F. &Ahram, A. (2014). "The National Guard in Iraq: A Risky Strategy to Combat the Islamic State", the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1-6.
15. LaiaBalcells , Book Review. Of Ariel Ahram : proxy warrior: The rise and fall of state- sponsored militias, Journal of Democracy and security, 2012
16. Saeid, G. (2015). "Captive Society: The Basij Militia and Social Control in Iran..Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Columbia University Press.
17. Hague,R&Harrop, M. (2010). ''Comparative Government and Politics''. Palgrave Macmillan. P: 83-99
18. Ekman, J. (2009). "Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes". International Political Science Review. Vol. 30, No. 1. pp. 7–31.
19. Morlino, L. (2009). ''Are there hybrid regimes? Or are they just an optical illusion?'' European Political Science Review. Vol.1, Issue 2. pp. 273-296
الجرائد والمجلات
1. جريدة النهار، هل تسقط بغداد بيد داعش. 28-05-2015http://www.annahar.com/article/240423
2. خالد صاغية، احتكار الدولة للعنف، مقال منشور في جريدة السفيرن11\3\2006. www.voltairnet.org
3. أمين بن مسعود "عن 'الدول الهجينة' في العالم العربي". نُشرفي تأريخ 2015/05/26، العدد: 9929، ص(9). http://www.alarab.co.uk/article/Opinion/53177/%D8%B9%D9%86-
4. موفق الربيعي : نرفض دمج الحشد الشعبي بقوات الحرس الوطني.http://www.iraqnewsagency.com
1. Cockburn, P. (2005) ''Cricket but no chess in Sistani's vision for democratic Iraq''. The Independent.co.uk, News World.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/cricket-but-no-chess-in-sistanis-vision-for-democratic-iraq-1529714.html
2. Evans, G. (2003) ''Only self-rule will bring stability to Iraq''. The Crisis Group. 26 august. OP-ED Middle East & North Africa
https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian peninsula/iraq/only-self-rule-will-bring-stability-iraq
3. Khedery, A. (2014) ''Why we stuck with Maliki — and lost Iraq'' The Washington Post, July 03. Opinions.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-we-stuck-with-maliki--and-lost iraq/2014/07/03/0dd6a8a4-f7ec-11e3-a606 946fd632f9f1_story.html?utm_term=.59ff292250fe
4. Tures, J. (2014) ''How We Enabled ISIS By Disarming Iraqi Militias''. The Huffington Post. THE BLOG
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-a-tures/how-we-enabled-isis-by-di_b_5947796.html
5. Cole, J. (2014) "Top 10 Mistakes of former Iraq PM Nouri al-Maliki (That Ruined his Country)". Juan Cole's Blog. http://www.juancole.com/2014/08/mistakes-maliki-country.html
6. John R. Bolton (2015). "To Defeat ISIS, Create a Sunni State". The Opinion Pages | OP-ED CONTRIBUTOR.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/opinion/john-bolton-to-defeat-isis-create-a-sunni-state.html?_r=0
7. Popular Crowd Forces in Iraq ( Al-Hashd al-shaabi ) .. Origin and Future “survey”. Rawabet Center for Research and Strategic Studies. http://rawabetcenter.com/en/?p=1037
8. Colum Lynch. (2004). "Rights Group Says Sudan's Government Aided Militias". washingtonpost.com>World>Afric>North Africa>Sudan.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63010-2004Jul19.html
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Published
2017-06-30
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Kakarash, T., & Rashid, K. K. (2017). Shia armed groups in the Middle East and its impact on political systems: Iraq as a case. Journal of University of Human Development, 3(2), 760–778. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n2y2017.pp760-778
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Copyright (c) 2017 Tareq Kakarash, Kardo Kareem Rashid
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