Journal of University of Human Development

The Theory of Revolution from the Perspective of Socialist Thinkers in the Nineteenth Century: The Paris Commune as an Example

2025-01-08T19:10:23+00:00

The concept of revolution in political thought has been one of the most controversial concepts, especially in new political thought. Meanwhile, socialist thinkers were the first to theorize the concept within the framework of the work class struggle Theories are based on them, especially by Marx and Engels better illustrates the vague aspects of this theory and its influence on the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 in nineteenth-century France. The aim of this paper is to answer the main question: What is the theory of revolution from the perspective of socialist thinkers and what was its impact on the rise of the Paris Commune? To reach a conclusion about the theory of socialist revolution and its implementation in the Paris Commune in the nineteenth century.

A Relevance Theoretic Analysis of O. Henrys’ The Last Leaf

2025-01-01T23:40:31+00:00

The current research is intended to explore, with the aid of Relevance Theory, how characters in Henry’s ‘The Last Leaf’ interact and comprehend each other’s intended messages, or a message conveyed by an image, via the contextual effects produced in the process of communication. Analyzing some extracts from ‘The Last Leaf’ reveals that relevance is behind the characters’ capability of interpreting messages, images, and any other communicative signals. That is, their understanding of the intended meaning, behind an utterance or an image, mainly depends on the contextual effects caused by that utterance or image. Apart from the introduction, the paper exhibits three sections to dwell on topics such as: pragmatic competence, as the study tackles a pragmatic issue in a literary work; an overview of Relevance Theory; and a relevance-perspective analysis of ‘The Last Leaf’. Some of the conclusions the paper has arrived at are: apart from utterances, images and imageries can function as ostensive inferential acts via which literary writers can unravel their intentions; The Last Leaf shows how communication usually involves more than just explicit words; according to Relevance Theory principles, even nonverbal means of communication, such as the use of silence or a landscape, can sometimes be utilized by short story writers to reveal the communicative and psychological aspects of characters in a given literary work, they can sometimes communicate even much richer meaning than the verbal ones.

Heidi’s Feminist Journey: Identity and Self-Discovery in Wendy Wasserstein’s The Heidi Chronicles

2025-01-25T18:14:20+00:00

This paper is an extract from an MA thesis, which is entitled “‘Still We Rise’: A Feminist Study of Female Character’s Quest for Identity in Wendy Wasserstein’s The Heidi Chronicles, The Sisters Rosensweig, and Isn’t It Romantic”. It examines The Heidi Chronicles (1988) from a feminist perspective, depending on Simone De Beauvoir’s notions in her foundational work The Second Sex (1949). This study shows the impact of the second wave of feminism on the changing roles of women in the nineteen-sixties. This study answers the questions: What challenges are set before Heidi’s way that prevents her from ascertaining her independence? How does Heidi violate the old notion of femininity? This paper explores the protagonist Heidi Holland’s journey of self-discovery and her pursuit of subjectivity, arguing that she faces numerous professional and personal challenges in a male-dominated society as she strives to assert her identity and prove her selfhood. The analysis concludes with Heidi’s resistance to patriarchal cultural norms, which obstruct her life path and hinder her quest for independence.

The Communitarian-Cosmopolitan Theories: Facing the Challenges of Globalization

2025-01-29T18:32:12+00:00

Globalization, as a world-wide phenomenon has left significant impact on political ideologies and theories of international relations. This paper highlights the communitarian and cosmopolitan IR theories, facing the challenges of globalization. The thesis of this paper emphasizes that the principles of globalization are generally incompatible with the principles of communitarian theory, but are consistent with the principles of cosmopolitanism which has led to the development of the theory in international relations. The fundamental challenges to globalization facing communitarianism and cosmopolitanism include state sovereignty under risk, opening or closing borders, Issues of values, culture and identity, mass migration and the right to citizenship. The aim of this paper is to identify a theoretical framework for the challenges of globalization that have led to the development of cosmopolitanism and the decline of communitarianism in international studies. The methodology of this study is analytical-comparative which focuses on analyzing and comparing the two IR theories, while facing the challenges of globalization.

The Inscriptions of the Marwanids in Diyarbakir "A Historical Study"

2025-01-14T06:15:39+00:00

The history and archaeological remains of the city of Diyarbakir, particularly those left by the Marwanid dynasty (373-478 AH / 983-1085 AD) within the city and its surrounding areas, have garnered the attention of travelers, geographers and historians during the medieval Islamic period. The city's monuments have also attracted considerable interest from Orientalists and local researchers in the modern era, who have studied and excavated them across various historical periods. In this context, the researcher not only focused on the examination of written sources but also conducted a field study in the city to observe the monuments dating to the Marwanid rule. The research is divided into two main sections: the first explores the history of the city of Diyarbakir and the Marwanid ruling family, while the second focuses on the analysis of the inscriptions of the Marwanid princes in the city according to a chronological sequence. Thirteen inscriptions from this period have been verified, found either on the city walls or on the bridge constructed over the Tigris River. These inscriptions serve as a tangible signature of the Marwanids' civilizational contributions, reflecting the sophistication of Kufic script and illustrating the cultural heritage of that era.

Personality In The Novel (Plains of the Killed Deer)

2025-01-23T18:58:03+00:00

Psychology, a human science, has since its inception been included in various fields of human life, including literature. The literary novel is an effective literary product in human life. It has a literary and realistic place in life. The novel consists of main elements, including (the character) who participates in the events and because of which the events of the novel take place, and behaves with all the other elements (events, place, time, ...), and through these elements, the character is formed in different forms from a psychological standpoint. Personality is related to the actions, words, and reactions that people adopt toward events.In this novel, (Plains of the Killed Deer), from the perspective of psychological criticism, there are two characters; The rigid and growing, which is manifested in the dualities (good and evil, peaceful and aggressive, administrative and dependent, brave and cowardly, obedient and disobedient,...) that contribute to presenting the novel and its events and represent the societal human motive. This novel is considered an embodiment of a certain stage in the development of the social personality in Kurdish society.

English as a lingua franca (ELF) and its status in the Kurdish Language

2025-02-08T22:12:22+00:00

Since the 1990s, English has not only emerged as a strong language, but has become a world, global and international one, that today there are far more non-native speakers than native speakers.

This research goes into the field of Applied Sociolinguistics, which is an effort to present the key concepts and principles of (EFL) methods, and it plays a role in bringing English language users together, who have different the linguistic, ethnic and cultural background, At the same time, they effectively manage the communication process.

The research findings were derived from a 26-item questionnaire confirm that users in the Kurdistan Region are not very familiar with the concepts and principles of ELF, but do not reject them. English-speaking Kurds believe that the spread of English has a negative impact on reducing the value and role of the Kurdish language, but the Kurdish language is also able to face the dangers of the spread of English and can resist to some extent.

The Grammatical Function of Zero and Covert Morphs in Central and Northern Kurdish Dialects

2025-02-05T20:09:28+00:00

This study, entitled "The Grammatical Function of Zero and Covert Morphs in Central and Northern Kurdish Dialects," addresses the frequent confusion between zero and covert morphs. Covert morphs are often mistakenly classified as zero morphs. This study aims to clarify this distinction.
Zero and covert morphs are fundamentally different; covert morphs have an underlying form that is not realized due to the phonological and grammatical properties of the Kurdish language. Since Kurdish is an agglutinative language, sounds influence each other. In contrast, zero morphs inherently lack any form, with no morpheme representing the morph in question, hence their designation as "zero." This research demonstrates these distinctions between zero and covert morphs in Central and Northern Kurdish dialects.
The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, examining the differences between zero and covert morphs using data from both dialects (Central and Northern Kurdish) and describing the morphs while analyzing them within the syntactic framework of these dialects.
The significance of this study lies in its clarification and resolution of the distinctions between these types of morphs.
The key findings of this study include: covert morphs possess an underlying form while zero morphs are formless; based on this distinction, it becomes apparent that not all morphs previously classified as zero morphs are actually zero morphs - some are covert morphs that have been misidentified as zero morphs. Another finding demonstrates that while overt morphs can be intentionally rendered covert, this transformation is not possible with zero morphs.

Exports of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and its Consequences on Iraq (1979-1991)

2025-02-07T21:03:21+00:00

One of the distinctive features of ideological revolutions in the twentieth century is their desire to internationalize and transfer their revolutionary goals and content by the revolutionaries themselves, based on the belief that their movements can be a successful model for other peoples and countries in the world. The Iranian Revolution of 1979, which had an Islamic-Shiite character, was no exception to this rule, as exporting the revolution played a major role in the thinking and behavior of a large part of the revolutionaries in its early days. This was represented in the quest to transfer the revolution outside the borders of Iran and support oppressed peoples and liberation movements. In this context, Iraq, compared to other countries in the region, was the most prominent choice for exporting the revolution due to its political and sectarian differences. From this standpoint, this research aims to analyze the main characteristics and effects of the discourse of exporting the revolution from the perspective and approach of Ayatollah Khomeini as the leader of the revolution, while studying its reflections and results on Iranian foreign policy, especially during the eight-year Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). The research methodology is based on the historical descriptive-analytical method, and is based on primary sources, including speeches and statements of political leaders during the study period. Keywords: Revolutionary exports, 1979 revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Eight-year war, Iran, Iraq

Ibn Taymiyyah (661-728 AH/1263-1348 AD)'s view of the states and powers of Islamic history

2025-02-11T19:00:50+00:00

Ibn Taymiyyah is one of the prominent Muslim scholars of the Middle Ages who had a significant impact on Islamic society during his time and whose influence continues to this day.

This study aims to discuss Ibn Taymiyyah’s perspective on power and states in Islamic history, especially since some of these states still hold doctrinal significance for a large segment of Muslims. Discussing them is considered part of Islamic beliefs and sparks debates between supporters and opponents.

Ibn Taymiyyah based his approach on religious texts, interpreting issues from this perspective. However, he did not limit himself to that; he also relied on intellectual analysis and sought to understand historical events from multiple angles.

He addressed many historical issues from the beginning of creation to his era, with a particular interest in analyzing the power dynamics and states throughout Islamic history. His study encompassed major states such as the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates, as well as prominent powers like the Zengids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks, in addition to regional powers such as the Ghaznavids. He evaluated these states from a religious perspective, sometimes providing a more detailed and nuanced religious analysis

The Mayyafariqin City, a Hub of Coin Minting during the Marwanid Emirate, A Historical Study, Artistic Analysis, (Selected Example)

2025-03-09T07:40:20+00:00

Mayyafariqin city is one of the most important cities in the Jazira region, serving as a significant center for coin minting and the capital of the Marwanids emirate. Recognized as a crucial economic hub, this study focuses on Mayyafariqin as a minting center during the Marwanids era. Before the establishment of the Marwanids emirate, the city was not known for minting; however, the emirs realized the city's strategic importance and established mint facilities there. Therefore, we have attempted to uncover a significant aspect of Marwanids urban life, illustrating its financial independence.

Methodology Followed: Content analysis has been used. The research materials were coins minted in the city during the Marwanids emirate, from which seven samples were selected. Detailed analyses were conducted based on the documented sources, focusing on the era, composition, weight, dimensions, and types of inscriptions on the coins.

After compiling data and information from various sources, the most crucial results we have reached include: Coins generally play a significant role in historical writing, confirming historical events that are either unmentioned or incorrectly recorded in the sources. Despite the Marwanids emirate's strong political and economic position, they only minted silver coins (dirhams), and did not mint gold (dinars) or copper (fils) coins.

Case Management Challenges Faced by NGOs in Sulaimani

2025-04-05T12:25:47+00:00

Case management is an area in which NGOs provide psychosocial services to clients. However, there are several challenges that arise during the case management process. Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is to identify these challenges. The aim of the study is to explore the difficulties that occur throughout the process and to highlight how these challenges affect the productivity and effectiveness of service delivery. Based on the findings, the study also proposes practical recommendations to overcome these challenges.

The study adopts a qualitative research approach and uses a case study strategy. Thematic analysis was applied in analyzing the collected data. The research population consists of NGOs operating in Sulaimani, while the sample includes both caseworkers and members of the board of directors from these organizations. The total sample size is nine individuals. Two different in-depth interview guides were used as data collection tools.

The findings show that challenges at the local level arise from caseworkers, therapists, internal organizational structures, as well as cultural and societal influences. At the external level, the most evident challenges include weak communication and coordination between NGOs and government stakeholders, along with issues related to staffing and funding from donors.

Among the most important recommendations are: integrating services into the broader humanitarian system, improving cooperation between government institutions and NGOs, increasing attention to gender-focused work, seeking local funding opportunities, strengthening processes such as monitoring and evaluation, organizing training programs for caseworkers, and addressing the issue of social stigma.

Dancing To Their Tune: The Image of ISIS in Kurdish media:

2025-04-06T20:55:43+00:00

Media is a powerful tool for disseminating information and shaping public perception. It also serves as a strategic instrument for governments and private entities to communicate their narratives. Engaging with media requires caution and expertise to avoid inadvertently spreading fear—especially in the context of terrorism.

The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS, also known as ISIL) has been particularly adept at leveraging media to assert dominance, spread its ideology, and manipulate public perception. Kurdistan, an autonomous region in Northern Iraq, faced unique challenges in reporting on ISIS due to its proximity to occupied territories. In this complex media landscape, Kurdish outlets struggled to cover the terrorist group effectively, sometimes inadvertently amplifying its message. This phenomenon coincided with a surge in Kurdish recruits joining ISIS, leading to the formation of a Kurdish faction within the organization.

Using Framing Theory and the Agenda-Setting Model, this research employs content analysis to examine how Kurdish media portrayed ISIS. By analyzing news coverage from Kurdish news channels such as (Rudaw, NRT, K24, Kurdsat News, Spede and Payam) between June 2014 to June 218, this study investigates whether Kurdish media unintentionally contributed to the visibility or perceived legitimacy of ISIS. The findings will shed light on the unintended consequences of terrorism reporting and its role in shaping public narratives.