Journal of University of Human Development

Social situation of Said Sadiq (1955-1988)

Marewan Ibrahim Ahmed — 2026-04-12

Because of its geographical location, Said Sadiq has become the settlement of several tribes such as (Shatri, Sheikh Shamaili, Changni, Smail Ozeri, etc.). After Said Sadiq became a district in 1955, everyone worked to develop the city and opened mosques, schools and hospitals in a short time. Over time, the number of schools and mosques increased and government offices served the residents of the area. Everyone helped each other and did their business in a cooperative manner, but they were harassed by the Iraqi government and the Ba'ath Party. In 1988, the city was completely destroyed and all the villages were moved to forced communities.

The aim of this research is to show the social aspects of Said Sadiq city during the years (1955-1988) and analyze the data through scientific methods.

The Process of the Evacuation of Villages in Southern Hawraman, Kurdistan (1978–1988)

Hiwa Aziz Saeed — 2026-04-14

In the aftermath of the collapse of the September Revolution (1975) and the subsequent resurgence of revolutionary activity in Southern Kurdistan, the Iraqi government embarked on a systematic program of forced displacement, resulting in the destruction of numerous villages in border regions. Consequently, the residents of Hawraman villages were subjected to displacement policies and destruction in several phases from the late 1970s until the conclusion of the Iran-Iraq War. The inhabitants of the Hawraman region provided refuge for those opposing the Iraqi army and constituted a revolutionary force in their own right. They also served as a source of livelihood and provisions for the Peshmerga. The regime's belief was that the destruction of the villages would lead to the termination of the Peshmerga's revolutionary struggle. The process gave rise to a range of consequences, including political, economic, social and other implications, with some even attempting to eradicate the region entirely. The historical remnants of Hawraman villages demonstrate that ways of life prior to 12 September 1978 were displayed differently than they are today. In order to comprehend the policy of displacement, its methods and impacts, efforts have been made to reframe the research in an academic context using descriptive-analytical methodology and oral history. The displacement of rural communities, precipitated by the implementation of policies aimed at uprooting and inverting the form of rural life, engendered significant challenges concerning accommodation and well-being within the context of forced camps. This has resulted in the gradual weakening and subsequent extinction of the region's superior Hawrami culture, generation after generation.

OBPI-based investment portfolio insurance strategies in the digital environment

Falah Hassan Ahmed — 2026-04-19

The study aims to test the Option-Based Portfolio Insurance (OBPI) strategy to solve the main problem of knowing the effectiveness of the strategy in different markets, in the digital environment, and over a different period of time. The study community was represented in two fields: the first included companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market, numbering (65) companies from (9) sectors, and the second represented cryptocurrencies listed on the (coingecko) platform. The study sample included (8) companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market that had been listed in an optimal investment portfolio built according to the simple gradual method within the framework of the doctoral thesis from which this study was derived. As for cryptocurrencies, the sample included (4) cryptocurrencies that were selected according to the market value criterion and the state of continuity of trading during the study period, which covered the time period extending during the year 2024, from 1-1-2024 to 31-12-2024. To test the study's objectives, the Black and Scholes model was used to price covered put options, which have been adopted as a tool for insuring investment portfolios. The study reached several conclusions, including that the options-based portfolio insurance strategy is effective in reducing losses and achieving its objectives in highly volatile cryptocurrency markets, while the results showed the opposite when applied to the more stable stock market. In light of the study's results, several recommendations were put forward, most notably the need for investors and investment fund managers to exercise caution when adopting covered put options contracts to insure equity investment portfolios. The study also recommends adopting the OBPI strategy in the cryptocurrency market.

Marketing deception and its impact on the consumer's purchase decision through the Instagram application

Abdulwahid Taha Shukri — 2026-04-21

This paper investigates the effect of marketing deception on the consumer behavior. Specifically, it investigates deceptive practices related to the product, price, place and promotion on the consumer purchase process. Since Instagarm has become one of an important social media platform that is widely used in marketing in Kurdistan Region , this study explores consumer perception of deceptive practices on that social networking site. The data was collected through an online questionnaire that was posted on several groups on Instagram in that university. The researchers were able to collect 385 complete questionnaires. The findings indicated the marketing deceptive practices has a negative impact on consumer buying purchasing process. This article contributes to the academic knowledge by highlighting the damaging effects of marketing deception on consumer behavior. Moreover, it contributes to practice by providing some guidelines to companies to follow when using Instagram in marketing in Kurdistan . By getting away from marketing deceptive practices, companies will be able to yield the best outcomes from marketing on Instagram. The study is limited by the sample size and the sample nature which consisted of Zakho University students. Future research can focus on different social networking sites and different age groups.

The Level of Use of New Technology Tools by Journalists in Kurdistan Region

Karzan Tariq Mahmood — 2026-04-23

This study is titled “The Level of Use of New Technology Tools by Journalists in Kurdistan Region” The main problem addressed is the lack of clarity regarding the influence of new technologies on the development of media practices among journalists. The primary objective of the study is to identify how new technologies have impacted the advancement of media work among journalists in the Kurdistan Region. A descriptive research method was employed, using a survey questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The study population consisted of journalists in the Kurdistan Region, and the sample was selected randomly based on specific criteria. The study found that journalists widely use new technologies to enhance their media work. This is evident in how technological tools have improved the quality and efficiency of media production. However, journalists also face challenges associated with technology use, such as downtime, technical issues, and equipment malfunctions. Despite these drawbacks, the findings suggest that the positive impacts of technology outweigh the negative ones. Notably, most journalists believe that new communication technologies have significantly changed how media messages are produced and delivered—especially with the use of live broadcasting tools. Finally, the researcher recommends that media institution leaders provide journalists with access to the latest technological tools available globally to further improve the quality of journalism in the region.

Critical Thinking Standards, Skills, Importance And Challenges

Rebin Mustafa Shekh — 2026-04-26

Critical thinking is one of the concept that has a great impact on human science field generally and sociological education particularly, also hear the concept of critical thinking from different media and educational programs about the current situation of society, we are familiar with critical thinking concepts as a solution to the problems. nowadays critical thinking is an important need in modern world and interested in by scientifical and academicals foundation. and also a crucial reason to improve most different fields in modern society. it can solve most community issues. If a critical thinking includes some logical, knowledge skills and strategic to solve issues, or critical thinking means evaluate consciously and researched to thought and information to judge on worth and value. this research wants to focus on the nature of critical thinking, demonstrate the characteristics, skills, importance and challenging in front of critical thinking.

Environmental Consequences of Post-2003 Armed Conflict in Iraq: Between Law and Governance

Paxshan Abdulrahman Mawlud — 2026-04-28

This research explores the environmental consequences of armed conflict in Iraq following the 2003 invasion, examining the impact of military operations, governance failures, and legal accountability gaps. The study analyzes extensive damage to Iraq’s ecosystems, including air and water pollution, soil degradation, and the destruction of biodiversity, with case studies from Basra, Mosul, and the southern marshes. It highlights the role of political instability, institutional weakness, and corruption in hindering environmental protection efforts. The paper also reviews Iraq’s environmental legal framework—especially Law No. 27 (2009)—and its compliance with international humanitarian law and environmental conventions. Finally, it discusses legal pathways for holding actors accountable for environmental damage and calls for stronger international cooperation to support Iraq’s environmental recovery and sustainable future.

The Role of Media Literacy in Confronting Media Misinformation

Kawa Ezzaddin Abdulrahman — 2026-04-30

The aim of this study is to try to understand the role of media education in combating that misinformation published in the media from the perspective of students of Sulaimani University, as well as show it’s the role of media education in developing skills (perception, thinking, analysis, and production) among students at the University of Sulaimani. To achieve these objectives, the researchers applied the media education criteria to a sample of students in the Department of Media and Kindergarten of Sulaimani University through the "comprehensive inventory" method, which were (161) male and female students. After analyzing the results using SPSS, the researchers concluded that media literacy plays a very good role in countering media misinformation among the study sample. Statistically significant differences were also found in respondents' opinions regarding the importance of media education in countering media misinformation, according to demographic variables (gender, age, place of residence). In addition, media literacy has been found to play a significant role in developing skills (perception, thinking, analysis, and production).

Management strategy and economic development of institutions in the Kurdistan Region

Karwan Abdullah Mohammed — 2026-05-03

The issue of media management in general and management strategies in media institutions in particular, within the framework of management science and media has entered the field of research in media management, especially with the advancement of communication tools and development of media institutions They are a management influence for the economic development of their institution.

This research is in the framework of working on the importance of management strategy in the economic development of the media institutions in the Kurdistan Region and presenting the strategies that are followed in the Kurdish media institutions in order to develop their economy.

For this purpose, the researcher relied on descriptive method in the research and used survey method and worked on five media institutions in the Kurdistan Region and for each institution that owns television, radio, digital media and print (10) managers from senior and middle managers. The research aims to present the strategies that have worked in the management of media institutions in the Kurdistan Region and finally reached several objectives that include (media institutions in the Kurdistan Region have not been able to follow the management strategies of media institutions followed in the management of their institution, which accounts for 44% of the management strategies of the media institution).

Adherence to Journalistic Ethics in the News Broadcasts of Kurdish Satellite Channels

Kawan Omer Ghafoor — 2026-05-05

Ethics is one of the fundamental pillars in the field of communication, particularly media ethics. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the extent to which Kurdish satellite channels adhere to journalistic ethics in their news coverage. As is known, the media plays an influential role in societies, especially in Kurdish society, which currently hosts a significant number of media outlets.

This research aims to examine adherence to journalistic ethics in the news broadcasts of Kurdish satellite channels, using NRT and AVA Media as case studies. Ultimately, the it presents the findings and recommendations with the goal of improving and advancing their media practices.

In terms of methodology and data analysis, this study adopts a descriptive research approach, which aligns with the nature of the investigation. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, as the study incorporates both quantitative and qualitative dimensions to synthesize information. The analysis is based on content analysis, with the research sample consisting of the 8 PM news on NRT and the 7 PM news on AVA Media.

Key Findings of the Study:

The channels do not consistently adhere to the principles of journalistic ethics in their news reporting.

The channels have neglected their social responsibility.

The channels prioritize self-interest over public interest.

While the channels have played a role in providing accurate information to some extent, distortion and deviation from societal values are frequently observed in their news coverage.

Several obstacles have contributed to the lack of adherence to journalistic ethics, including:

Management policies that prioritize institutional interests in news dissemination.

Rushed reporting to compete with other channels.

Lack of academic professionals within media institutions.

Bias toward audience demands.

Social Awareness from a Sociological Perspective: An Analysis of the Concept and its Types

Zirak Ahmad Rahman — 2026-05-07

Social Awareness is one of the concepts that has attracted remarkable attention across most sciences in general, humanities in particular – especially in sociology. It occupies a considerable space both as a subject of literature and theory by scholars, and as a topic of various research studies. There are many differing opinions on social awareness, from its definition and composition to its types, roles, functions, and impact on the individual and society. Consequently, philosophers, scientists, and thinkers have presented diverse ideas and theses from various perspectives and viewpoints. Therefore, this subject holds its value among the sciences, with each discipline having its own perspective on it.

Social Awareness is a broad topic that can carry different meanings, especially outside of a sociological lens. However, this research is a scientific effort that focuses specifically on the field of sociology. It aims to present the sociological perspective on this concept, its components, types, and its role for the individual and society. The discussion of social awareness and the diverse views of scholars on it within the context of society is a topic that requires researchers to conduct multiple studies from various sociological aspects. This research is necessary both for studying social awareness as a research topic in itself and for understanding its connections and effects on every aspect of society. This includes its relationship with current issues, societal problems, and various phenomena within the community. It is from this perspective on the concept that this research was conducted.

Aggressive behavior among PUBG users from parents perspective in Kurdistan Region schools.

Mariwan Abdulmajeed Mohammed — 2026-05-10

The aim of this study was to investigate the aggressive behavior of children and adolescents using PUBG game from parent's perspective in Kurdistan Region schools. The sample contained of (40) children as they were more prone to play violent video games., and also, descriptive, analytical and quantitative methods were used in this study. The questionnaire included 25 items and achieved a very good degree of validity and reliability. Besides that, the (SPSS) was used to analyze the data for (40) forms. There was statistically significant relationship between aggressive behavior and PUBG users according to age and gender of participants. The consequences of this study addressed the following questions: What is the aggressive behavior among children and adolescents of PUBG users?. Does PUBG cause the desire of aggressive behaviors of children and adolescents according to the demographics of participants? What kind of problems faces students by Pubg games? The most obvious results of this study showed that Chamchamal, Kalar, middle class students between 11-13 years old, especially males who play for more than 5 hours a day, have more aggressive thoughts, and they have desire to attack their family members and friends, despute of having their behaviours such as: swearing, and copy the aggressive behavior of pubg actors. Lossing of compassion feeling, anger, insulting others as well as thinking about killing others. Finally,this study presented several limitations, suggestions and recommendations for parents, future researchers and government in order to reduce the symptoms of aggressive behavior among PUBG users in Kurdistan region.

The Zagros Pottery Culture During the Early Iron Age (1200–800 BCE) Insights from the Excavations at the Dinka Settlement Complex in the Peshdar Plain

Hero Salah Ahmed — 2026-05-12

Pottery is considered one of the most important archaeological remains, as it appears on the surface of all archaeological sites. It plays a crucial role in identifying the chronological phases and cultural sequences of different regions. The craft of pottery reflects the cultural and societal values and the level of urban development of past peoples and civilizations. The Zagros region, considered one of the cradles of civilization after the earliest historical periods, was a hub for the growth and advancement of various crafts. Within the heart of the Zagros plains, settled communities formed an organized society. Their inhabitants were pioneers in mining and pottery. The potters of this region were highly skilled in selecting clay types, techniques, and styles of pottery-making. They produced pottery tools and vessels based on the specific needs and demands of their local communities. Although the Peshdar Plain is surrounded by high mountain ranges and is often considered a relatively isolated region, it has long-standing connections with other parts of the Zagros, especially the eastern Zagros, in terms of pottery, architecture, and even mining. These connections were facilitated by several natural routes and geographic openings that made travel and exchange with eastern Zagros areas possible.

The Inscribed Tombstones of the Sheikh Sulaiman Cemetery in the Village of Yalanpe–Khurmal

Ikrram Sherwan Hussein — 2026-05-14

Yalanpei is one of the most beautiful villages in Hawraman -The South of Kurdistan. In the north side it over looks to Khurmal district and it’s (4.5Km) away from Khurmal district. According to the Hawraman’s geography It is the last Hawraman’s village which its villagers speak Hawrami. It’s one of the ancient Kurdistan and Hawraman’s villages.

The example of ancient and archaeological sites of the village such as… cave, cemetery, castle are emphasizing it’s old history. One of the most important monuments of the village is the Cemetery of Sheikh Sulaiman. This monument still alive and it’s story still words of the street in the village.

Cemetery of Sheikh Sulaiman is located at the bottom of the village it’s about (340 m) away from the village. In (12H/18 AD) Sheikh Sulaiman moved from Taratawan Village to Yalanpe for spreading Islam and he settled there, soon he became a prominent figure among the people and got lot of reputation. After being beheaded in a battle against the Safavids in the valley of Chala Rash (Klkay Nazrga) which is located in the border of the village. After the battle his body couldn’t be found, but his head. The villagers brought his head back and buried it in the cemetery and then after their deaths, his family members were buried around his grave.

The cemetery contains a large number of graves, but the purpose of our research is the headstones of the graves which surfaces are painted with patterns and inscriptions now four of these graves are broken and four of them are still safe.

The aim of this research is to show the history and importance of this cemetery, especially these graves which are their headstones are carved based on the patterns, paintings, types of lines and these names which were engraved on the graves’ headstones. This information is special and they form an important part of the religious, social and political history of the region and the village.

Analyzing Direct Threats in Kurdish Extortion Texts: A Forensic Pragmatic Approach

Rubar Sadq Saeed — 2026-05-17

It is noteworthy that limited attention by linguists has been paid to the construction and analysis of direct threats in extortion texts, particularly those that could result in linguistic crimes from a forensic linguistic standpoint in the digital age. Specifically, the common linguistic strategies employed by extortionists to pragmatically threaten and coerce victims into meeting their demands require further exploration. Utilizing relevant pragmatic theories, particularly speech act theory, can greatly enhance the analysis of extortionate texts and illuminate how they intimidate and influence victims. Ultimately, these victims are often compelled to pursue legal action against their aggressors in court.

This study aims to bridge a gap in the existing literature by constructing a common linguistic pattern of Kurdish direct threats, along with identifying the most prevalent types of extortion texts based on the collected data. To achieve these objectives, a specific analytical framework is developed to analyze research data drawn from Sulaimani Court cases related to Article 430 of the Iraqi Penal Code. Despite variations in context and content across extortionate communications, the research concludes by offering a classification of threats in the context of extortion into direct and indirect types. It further reveals that most direct threats related to extortion exhibit a recurring linguistic pattern, typically structured as explicit conditional statements. Especially, those clauses that begin with the cohesive device “if” serve to subordinate the unpleasant hypothesis to the main clause, which conveys the threat. Additionally, the study identifies sextortion as the most prevalent category of Kurdish extortion texts.

Perceptions of Kurdish EFL University Students and Instructors on the Role of Educational Environment and Technological Tools in Writing Proficiency

Shaimaa Ahmed Mohammed — 2026-05-19

Writing is a central skill in English as a foreign language (EFL) education, though it remains one of the challenging skills for learners, including Kurdish EFL students. Writing demands proficiency in language, vocabulary, grammar, and an ability to organize ideas cohesively. Today, due to the rapid integration of educational digital tools to classrooms and growing concern to classroom environment, various studies are conducted in this area reshaped writing pedagogy in different parts of the world; yet conducting an empirical study that addresses the significance role of these educational and technological factors in Kurdish EFL writing remains unexplored.

Therefore, the current study endeavors to fill this gap, which aims to identify how Kurdish EFL university students and university lecturers perceive the role of educational environment and technological tools in Kurdish EFL students' writing skill. Therefore, A mixed-method; quantitative and qualitative methodology was employed, incorporating both a Likert Scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview as data collection tools. Based on SPSS software with some statistical techniques, the data were analyzed. The samples of 108 university students were involved in the questionnaire and 3 EFL instructors were interviewed, at university of Sulaimani, in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The findings uncover that educational environment and technological resources like grammar checkers, collaborative platforms, and writing apps were helpful tools in enhancing accuracy, motivation, and independence of the students; hence, contribute in Kurdish EFL University Students' writing proficiency.

It is concluded that both supportive classroom environment with suitable technological resources can improve the writing proficiency of Kurdish EFL university students. All these results provide important insights for EFL teaching in the Kurdistan Region.

Causes and motives of Conflict Between Religious Values and Monetary Values in Social Action

Aram Ali Faraj — 2026-05-21

Social action, as a major subject of research in sociology, was first identified and conceptualized by the German sociologist Max Weber, who emphasized the subjective meaning that individuals attach to their actions. Later, the American sociologist Talcott Parsons expanded upon Weber’s theories by clarifying the structure of social action. He focused particularly on the direction of motivation and the role of values, in addition to the concept of subjective meaning. Furthermore, the Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto contributed to this discourse by examining the non-logical elements of social behavior, which he termed "residues" and "derivations". In addition, the American philosopher and sociologist George Herbert Mead offered important insights into the formation of the self through the concepts of the "I" and the "Me". These theoretical contributions have been utilized to address the central research question: Why do religious values and monetary values often appear in contradictory forms within social action, and how do they generate conflict among religious-social actors? The general conclusion of this research is that monetary value, like religious value, plays a significant role in social action.