Social situation of Said Sadiq (1955-1988)

Marewan Ibrahim Ahmed, Hoshmand Ali Mahmood — Sun, 12 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Because of its geographical location, Said Sadiq has become the settlement of several tribes such as (Shatri, Sheikh Shamaili, Changni, Smail Ozeri, etc.). After Said Sadiq became a district in 1955, everyone worked to develop the city and opened mosques, schools and hospitals in a short time. Over time, the number of schools and mosques increased and government offices served the residents of the area. Everyone helped each other and did their business in a cooperative manner, but they were harassed by the Iraqi government and the Ba'ath Party. In 1988, the city was completely destroyed and all the villages were moved to forced communities.

The aim of this research is to show the social aspects of Said Sadiq city during the years (1955-1988) and analyze the data through scientific methods.

The Process of the Evacuation of Villages in Southern Hawraman, Kurdistan (1978–1988)

Hiwa Aziz Saeed, Sabah Majeed Fatah — Tue, 14 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In the aftermath of the collapse of the September Revolution (1975) and the subsequent resurgence of revolutionary activity in Southern Kurdistan, the Iraqi government embarked on a systematic program of forced displacement, resulting in the destruction of numerous villages in border regions. Consequently, the residents of Hawraman villages were subjected to displacement policies and destruction in several phases from the late 1970s until the conclusion of the Iran-Iraq War. The inhabitants of the Hawraman region provided refuge for those opposing the Iraqi army and constituted a revolutionary force in their own right. They also served as a source of livelihood and provisions for the Peshmerga. The regime's belief was that the destruction of the villages would lead to the termination of the Peshmerga's revolutionary struggle. The process gave rise to a range of consequences, including political, economic, social and other implications, with some even attempting to eradicate the region entirely. The historical remnants of Hawraman villages demonstrate that ways of life prior to 12 September 1978 were displayed differently than they are today. In order to comprehend the policy of displacement, its methods and impacts, efforts have been made to reframe the research in an academic context using descriptive-analytical methodology and oral history. The displacement of rural communities, precipitated by the implementation of policies aimed at uprooting and inverting the form of rural life, engendered significant challenges concerning accommodation and well-being within the context of forced camps. This has resulted in the gradual weakening and subsequent extinction of the region's superior Hawrami culture, generation after generation.

Journal of University of Human Development

Social situation of Said Sadiq (1955-1988)

The Process of the Evacuation of Villages in Southern Hawraman, Kurdistan (1978–1988)