Journal of University of Human Development

Evidentiality in English and Central Kurdish: A Typological Study

Younis Salam Omar, Azad Hasan Fatah — Sun, 04 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper studies evidentiality in English and Central Kurdish (CK), specifically the dialect spoken by residents of Sulaimani, from a typological perspective. Typological studies are of interest to linguists, aiming to capture the commonalities and differences between languages regarding specific linguistic topics. One such topic is evidentiality, which is a linguistic category that marks the source of information upon which a statement is made (Aikhenvald, 2004). Different languages mark evidentiality in various ways. Some have dedicated grammatical markers, while others use lexical markers or other syntactic strategies. It is hypothesized that in English and Central Kurdish the expression of evidentiality is achieved through lexical, syntactic, or contextual strategies rather than grammatical markers. So, the paper is an attempt to identify the typology and the markers of evidentiality and, thereby, provide a new perspective on the topic in both languages. The main conclusion of this paper is that English and Central Kurdish are quite similar in regard to this topic since they do not grammatically mark evidentiality but make use of other means, specifically lexical markers.

Countercultural Verses: A Postmodern Reading of Hippie-Era Poetry in 1960s America

Eman Thamer Omer, Shokhan Rasool Ahmed — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents a segment of the M.A. thesis titled Countercultural Narratives: A Postmodern Study of American Poetry in the 1960s. It examines the rise of postmodernism and its manifestation in the poetry of the 1960s. How did postmodern traits reflect the social and spiritual changes of the time? What were the conditions that pushed writers to experiment with literature by using innovative methods of expressions, such as deconstruction, intertextuality, and little narratives? To address these questions, this study will analyze Robert Duncan’s Often I Am Permitted to Return to a Meadow (1960), Philip Whalen’s Metaphysical Insomnia Jazz (1960), and James Dickey’s The Sheep Child (1966). The paper focuses on the main postmodern concepts, such as Derrida’s deconstruction, Lyotard’s little narratives, and Kristeva’s intertextuality. These techniques, along with the unconventional subject matters, will be studied in relation to the decade’s major countercultural movement, the Hippie Movement, and its ideals. By filling this gap in existing research, this study aims to contribute to theory of postmodernism.

Cyberbullying Victimization Among Generation Alpha Students in International Non-Govtal Schools in Erbil City: The Case of 7th, 8th, and 9th Grades

Goran Hassan Hussein, Ziwar Zrar rasool — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital technologies to harass, threaten, humiliate, or target one or more individuals, including sending online and text threats, posting or tweeting abusive, aggressive, and violent messages, as well as sharing personal information such as photos or videos designed to harm or embarrass another person. In this context, Generation Alpha denotes children born in or after 2010, who are considered digital natives, having been born and raised in the age of artificial intelligence and using technology for most aspects of their lives.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of cyberbullying and determine the demographic characteristics of victims among children belonging to Generation Alpha in International Non-Governmental Schools in Erbil City, Iraq. The specific objectives were to assess the prevalence of cyber victimization among Alpha generation students in Erbil's international schools and identify the most common forms of cyberbullying experienced by this generation. The study is a quantitative research with a descriptive method design and uses a social survey method for analyzing the data. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and hard copy questionnaires administered to a cluster sampling of students from international non-governmental schools in Erbil. In conclusion, the findings indicate a notable rate of cybervictimization among Generation Alpha students in Erbil's international schools. Various types of cybervictimization were identified, with cyber exclusion and cyber harassment being the most prevalent forms. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between Generation Alpha's level of internet use, their use of specific social media platforms, and their likelihood of experiencing cyberbullying victimization.

The Internal and External Political Marriages of the Buyid State (334-447 AH/945-1055 AD)

Hawre Jabbar Hamadamin , Hoshmand Akram Mawlud — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

After the Buyids succeeded in gaining control over the Abbasid Caliphate, they established a powerful state. The relationship of this state with the surrounding forces was based on war and peace. For this purpose, they pursued a policy of political marriages to maintain and strengthen their relations with neighboring powers and principalities. The objective of this research is to examine the patterns of political marriages, which in many cases achieved their intended goals of cooperation and peace establishment. However, in some instances, relationships deteriorated, and these marriages failed to maintain peace. The research methodology employed in this study is the historical analytical approach for evaluating and analyzing information related to the research topic, enabling us to gain deeper insight into the purposes, causes, and consequences of these political marriages undertaken by the Buyids.

After the collection and analysis of sources, the most significant findings reached by the researcher are that political marriage is conducted to achieve a specific objective, either within the ruling family or with neighboring powers. The purpose is to strengthen and consolidate relations between both parties to achieve their designated goals through this means. The weight and power of the Buyid state in the region compelled the Abbasid Caliphate and its neighboring powers to enter into political marriages with them, aiming to achieve mutual interests between both parties. This arrangement serves as evidence of the equality and balance of power between the Buyid state and those forces with whom marriage alliances were concluded. As a result, the majority of political marriages adopted a mutual exchange model, allocating a substantial dowry to daughters. The main research question is: What were the causes and motivations behind these marriages in the Buyid state? Additionally, what were the effects and consequences of these marriages, and to what extent?

Conditions of conflict between Sharia texts and their causes

Muhammad Kamil Muhammad Rasheed, Bakhtyar Najmaddin Shamsaddin — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the issue of "contradictory and problematic hadiths," given its importance in understanding the Prophetic Sunnah. It is one of the most prominent problems facing scholars in dealing with prophetic texts when apparent contradictions arise between them. We sought to demonstrate the correct approach to addressing this issue by balancing hadith rules and legal objectives within an integrated framework that presents applied models for methods of combining, preferring, or abrogating. It highlights that this topic is not intended for skepticism, but rather a field for disciplined ijtihad, reflecting the breadth of Islamic law and demonstrating the impact of objectives in guiding hadith understanding. It concludes that combining hadith rules and objectives is a scientific necessity that contributes to resolving confusion, clarifying matters, strengthening the legal structure, making Islamic law flexible and consistent with different times and places, and addressing differences in a scientific manner.

The Rawanduz in the Memoirs and Writings of Foreigners in the Nineteenth Century

Kamaran Muhammad Haji — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Foreign sources, especially the memoirs of foreigners, such as political figures, diplomats, military officers, clerics, missionaries and women, are still important as a basic tool in studying Kurdish history. In this regard, we decided to choose (Rawanduz in the Memoirs and Writings of Foreigners in the Nineteenth Century/A Study in Demography and Urban aspect) as the title of the research.

The research includes one portal and two main axes, in addition to shedding light on the roots of the name Rawanduz and the geographical location included in the portal. In the first axis, we focused on (The Demographic situation of Rawanduz), where we focused on presenting the population of Rawanduz and its composition, and the number of houses as indicated by travelers and foreign writers. As for the second topic entitled (The Urban aspect of Rawanduz), it focuses on the most prominent urban aspects of Rawanduz mentioned by foreign writers, such as the location of the city, bridges, castles, roads and streets, and we mentioned the construction of inns...etc. Finally, we presented several points as the results of the research.

Means and types of economic globalization

Sara Kamal Maarouf, Twana Faraidoon Hussein — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In recent decades, economic globalization has become one of the most influential forces shaping the modern world. In a sense, it refers to the increased integration of national economies through the removal of barriers to trade, investment and capital flows, leading to a global market. This shift has allowed goods, services, labor and capital to move more freely than ever before across borders, resulting in the emergence of international production chains and integrated financial systems. The complexity and rapid evolution of this phenomenon requires a deeper sociological and theoretical understanding of its underlying mechanisms. This paper examines economic globalization from a sociological perspective, drawing on Anthony Giddens’ structural theory and his important concept of time-space compression. The main objective of this study is to identify the main means and types of economic globalization. As a result, while economic globalization contributes to economic growth and connectivity, especially in emerging markets, it also exacerbates global inequality, weakens domestic industries, and contributes to serious environmental and political problems

Psychosocial support and relationship with sense of responsibility among drug addicts in Sulaimani Gauran Correctional Facility

Hastyar Ali Saeed, Yousif HamaSalih Mustafa — Sun, 18 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of this study is to find out the levels of sense of responsibility and psychosocial support among drug addicts in the Sulaimani Adult Correctional Administration، as well as to find out the relationship between the variables. In this study، the researchers used a quantitative descriptive method that is compatible with the objectives of the study. To measure the variables، the researchers have constructed a scale using the previous criteria for each of the variables. The study sample consisted of (150) drug addicts، after extracting the results through the (SPSS) statistical program، it was found that the study sample had a sense of responsibility، and for the second goal it was found that they did not have psychosocial support، and there was a positive relationship between the two variables .