1. INTRODUCTION
Blackwood, sissoo or shisham Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. is an important Fabaceae legume tree, it is strongly recommended for afforestation and reforestation programs in dry and water conservation areas [1]. It is used widely as a windbreak, for nitrogen fixation, their wood for furniture and construction purposes, and important source of animal fodder [2], [3]. Their roots and seed oil contain tectoridin which is used medicinally [4]. Recently, its leaves, stem barks, and root extracts are used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for different biological and catalyst activities [5]–[7].
The developmental processes in the agricultural sector for plant growth and development are continuous including nanotechnology and plant hormones. Nanotechnology is a modern field of science which plays an important role in everyday life. Nanoparticles have a small size of 1–100 nm, and a large surface area, different types and shapes of agricultural nano-materials are used depending upon the needs and nature of the work, such as pesticides, fertilizers, food industries, control of insects, fungi and weeds, and remediation of heavy metals, AgNPs are in great interest, which is the most popular type of nanomaterials [8], [9]. Many studies were conducted using nanosilver (NS) to improve cutting performance and subsequent growth [10], [11].
The plant hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) belongs to the auxin group and it is known as the rooting hormone. It is used traditionally to stimulate root initiation on stem cuttings [12] Numerous researchers have demonstrated the potential of propagation of Dalbergia sp. by gaining more vigorous trees within a short period, they also indicated that rooting and sprouting percent, number of roots, and length of shoots and roots increased with increasing concentration of IBA in different clones of D. sissoo Roxb. [13]–[16].
Due to a lack of research about the effects of NS on D. sissoo Roxb., and as an attempt to increase the cultivated area of this important tree species in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan, this study was conducted as a complement to our previous study [10] which was on the effect of NS and gibberellic acid on D. sissoo seeds, whereas the aim of this part of the study is to investigate the effects of NS and IBA in different concentrations on the growth and some physiological characteristics of D. sissoo hardwood cutting.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Plant Materials and Experiment Treatments
Cuttings of D. sissoo Roxb. from 15-year-old trees were taken on February 14, 2019, from Mnara Park/Erbil, Iraq with 36°11’21.7”N, 44°00’05.2”E, and 400 m AMSL. Approximately, 30 cm of hardwood cuttings about 1–1.5 cm in diameter were taken from the base and middle of 1-year-old branches. The study was conducted in a private field in Taqtaq city, Koysinjaq, Erbil, where the mean of maximum and minimum temperature throughout the study period was 38.5, and 25.03°C, and the average rainfall was 74.82 mm.
The NS particles were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc (CAS: 7440-22-4, USA), prepared at 30, 60, and 90 mg/L in distilled water, and dispersed using ultrasonic vibrations (100 W, 30 kHz) [17] for 30 min. The IBA was purchased from Fine Chemicals Expert (CAS: 133-32-4, Germany), and prepared at 50, 100, and 200 mg/L in distilled water. The stalk solutions for each of the NS and the IBA were prepared by dissolving the powder in a little ethanol then completed by distilled water, then kept in dark bottles. The experiment consists of seven treatments (distilled water as a control, NS30, NS60, NS90, IBA50, IBA100, and IBA200). Each treatment consists of three replications and each experimental unit consists of 10 poly bags sized (10 × 30) cm which filled with sandy soil (74% sand, 16.9% clay, and 9.1% silt, with 0.1 Ec, 7.83 pH, and 0.3% organic matter) mixed at (1:1) with peat moss. On February 19, 2019, 10 cm of the cuttings were submerged in the NS and IBA solutions at room temperature for 24 h (Fig. 1). On February 20, 2019, the cuttings were cultivated by putting 2–3 nodes in the soil. The experiment was finished on July 4, 2019.
Fig. 1. Preparation and planting of (1) preparing bags for cultivation, (2) prepared cutting, (3) soaking in treatment solutions, (4) cutting planting, (5) bud outgrowth, and (6) plant stalks.
2.2. Studied Characteristics
The bud sprout percentage and velocity are determined as mentioned by Ranal and Santana [18]. Plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant, length of longest root, and fresh and dry matter of shoot and root were measured as they demonstrated by Al-Barzinji et al. [19]. Leaf area was calculated using the method described by Watson and Watson [20]. Pigments of chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids are calculated as they mentioned by Lichtenthaler and Wellburn [21]. Total carbohydrate was determined using the method outlined by Joslyn [22]. Peroxidase enzyme activity in leaves was quantified according to Nezih [23]. Shoot and root chemical contents were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy [24].
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The experiment was laid out using a one-way Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The measured data were analyzed using the SAS statistical program, and Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05) was used [25].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results in Table 1 show that the effect of each of NS and IBA on the bud sprout, plant height, leaf area, leaf number, number of branches, and root length was significant. NS and IBA had non-significant effects on the percent of bud sprouting, whereas the velocity of bud sprouts was enhanced significantly by the application of IBA and NS. The cutting treated with 50 mg/L IBA had the fastest bud sprout (after 35.53 days) compared to the control cutting (40.00 days), but treatment with NS at 60 mg/L retarded bud sprout (after 44.03 days). IBA at 200 mg/L resulted in the highest leaf area (204.11 dm2) in comparison to control cuttings with (122 dm2); however, NS at 90 mg/L showed the lowest leaf area (95.13 dm2). Furthermore, IBA at 50 and 200 mg/L showed the maximum number of leaves (194.66 and 193 leaves/plant, respectively) compared to control cuttings with (158 leaves/plant). The effect of different NS and IBA concentrations was not significant on the number of branches compared to the control cuttings. Although, NS at 30 mg/L gained the maximum number of branches (eight branches/plant) related to the 100 mg/L IBA with (4.66 branches/plant). Using 50 and 100 mg/L IBA increased significantly longest root significantly to (30.53 and 25.50 cm, respectively) over the control cuttings with (21.3 cm). Meanwhile using NS at 30 and 60 mg/L decreased the longest root (11.5 and 11.56 cm, respectively) significantly compared to all other treatments.
Table 1: Effects of NS and IBA on Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. cutting performance and some vegetative characteristics.
Different concentrations of IBA had a significant effect on each velocity of bud sprout, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, and root length, and this was confirmed by Yeshiwas et al. [26]. The positive effects of IBA may be due to they have indirect influence by enhancing the speed of translocation and movement of sugar to the base of cuttings and consequently stimulating rooting [27]. Increasing plant growth parameters by adding IBA may be due to increasing photosynthesis process as a result of increasing root growth and chlorophyll a and b (Table 2). The efficiency of IBA in increasing root performance and some growth characteristics may be due to the slow and continuous release of IAA from IBA [28], thus accelerating carbohydrate translocation to the base of cuttings [29]. It may be expected that the reduction in plant growth and length of root caused by NS may lead to a reduction in above-ground biomass, due to decreased nutrient uptake [30].
Table 2: Effects of NS and IBA on some photosynthetic pigments of Dalbergia sissoo leaves
Different shoot fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights, carbohydrate ratios, and peroxidase activity were achieved when various concentrations of NS and IBA were applied (Table 3). In this context, shoot fresh and dry weights were the highest (71.3 and 33.45 g) at 200 mg/L IBA, but the control cuttings recorded the minimum shoot fresh and dry weights (33.6 and 13.15). Moreover, IBA at 50 mg/L was the best dose to obtain the maximum weights of fresh and dry root (4.8 and 2.23 g), respectively, and it was significantly in contrast to the control cuttings with root fresh weight (3.05 g) and dry weight (1.65 g), whereas, the lowest root fresh weight (0.75 g) and dry weight (0.51) were found in the cuttings treated with 30 mg/L NS. The results of carbohydrate analysis explained that 50 mg/L IBA and 60 mg/L NS were the best treatments to raise carbohydrates in shoots (31.1%) and roots (24.9%) in comparison with the control cuttings. Minimal carbohydrates in shoots (15.2%) and in roots (3.56) were quantified in the cuttings soaked in 30 mg/L NS and 100 mg/L IBA, respectively. Peroxidase activity was maximal (2276.7 absorbing unit/ g fresh leaves) in the cuttings soaked in 50 mg/L IBA which was significantly higher than control cuttings with (1593). Contrarily, the lowest peroxidase activity (902 and 903.3 absorbing units/ g fresh leaves) was observed in the cuttings soaked in 30 and 60 mg/L NS, respectively.
Table 3: Effects of NS and IBA on fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, total carbohydrate in shoot and root, and peroxidase enzyme activity of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Low IBA concentration significantly increased carbohydrate contents as compared to the control, which is in accordance with the results of Massoud et al. [31]. The decreasing carbohydrate in shoots and roots with increasing IBA concentration may be ascribed to the inhibition of carbohydrate transport from roots to leaves and their metabolism in leaves to other compounds, or their consumption during aerobic respiration [32]. According to Ahkami et al. [33], a relationship exists among carbohydrate concentration, photosynthesis, and root number, carbohydrates participate in root formation since the accumulation of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates was observed during the rhizogenesis process. However, IBA concentrations and genotypes used affect leaf chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentration in both leaves and roots in different ways. According to Sarropoulou et al. [34], the rooting ability of cuttings is correlated with their carbohydrate content because as seen in Tables 2 and 3 where decreasing carbohydrate content leads to reduced root length because the free-reducing sugars and storage carbohydrates are important in root formation as energy sources and structural materials of cells.
NS reduced peroxidase activity, in our study as same as the results of Kumar et al. [35] and Hatami and Ghorbanpour [36]. Besides acidic effects, NS could act as an anti-ethylene agent, Ag+ is an effective ethylene action inhibitor, whereas Kim et al. [37] suggested that NS acted as an anti-ethylene agent on cut Asiatic hybrid Lilium. While the peroxidase activity in all treatments of IBA started to increase, Pan and Tian [38] got the same result.
Photosynthetic pigments were affected significantly by each of the NS and IBA applications compared to control cuttings. Accordingly, 100 mg/L IBA increased significantly each of chlorophylls a (1.3 mg/g fresh weight) and b (0.71 mg/g fresh weight) compared to all other treatments. The lowest chlorophyll a (0.31 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (0.08 mg/g fresh weight) were found at 60 and 30 mg/L NS, respectively. Whereas the highest total carotenoids were recorded at 90 mg/L NS, the minimum (0.17 mg/g fresh weight) carotenoids were observed at 60 mg/L NS. Increasing chlorophyll content by IBA treatment may be due to increasing Fe content in roots (Table 4), this result is considered by El-Shraiy and Hegazi [39].
Table 4: The effect of NS and IBA on some macro and microelements in roots of Dalbergia sissoo
Table 5 shows that different concentrations of NS and IBM had significant effects on macro and microelements in shoots except Mg and Fe. The treatments of 90 mg/L NS and 100 mg/L IBA had the highest values for K (29.7 and 29.9% respectively). Inversely, IBA at 200 mg/L caused the lowest K (25.8%). IBA at 50 and 100 mg/L were the best doses for Cl (1.35 and 1.26%) respectively, but increasing NS concentration to 90 mg/L reduced Cl content to 0.35%. In addition, IBA at 100 mg/L was an outstanding dose for Cu (0.05%). The lowest concentration of NS (30 mg/L) and IBA (50 mg/L) resulted in the least Cu (0.02%). NS at 30 mg/L and IBA at 50 mg/L were the best and worst doses for Mn ratio with (0.58%) and (0.14%), respectively. In comparison to control cuttings, the cuttings supplied with 200 mg/L IBA had the highest Zn (0.22%), but control cuttings contained 0.08% Zn.
Table 5: The effect of NS and IBA on some macro and microelements in shoots of Dalbergia sissoo
Root macro and microelements demonstrated in Table 4 confirmed that the NS and IBA concentrations applied in this study were not effective regarding Mg and Cu content. Furthermore, the effect of the NS and IBA treatments was not significant on Cl and Fe related to control cuttings. Although, 50 mg/L IBA elevated Fe to the peak value (13.87%), but declined Cl to the lowest value (0.9%). Moreover, Cl was the highest at 100 mg/L IBA (3.35%) followed by 200 mg/L IBA (3.15%). Treatment with 90 mg/L NS reduced Fe content to 8.78%. In addition, IBA at 50 mg/L raised Mn to 0.465% in comparison to control cuttings, contrarily 200 mg/L IBA declined Mn to 0.241%. NS at 90 mg/L improved the Zn amount (0.68%), at the same time the lowest Zn (0.33%) was measured in control cuttings.
A high concentration of NS (Table 5) reduces Mg and Zn in the shoot, the same result was obtained by Zuverza-Mena et al. [40]. The uptake of Mn and Zn by roots is mediated by putative transporters, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), and the Zinc/Iron Permease (ZIP) family [41]. In addition, Magesky and Pelletier [42] mentioned that silver is a membrane disruptor that breaks down cellular homeostasis, very likely, this disruption affected the uptake of essential elements. It is also possible that NS down-regulates the genes encoding for metal transporters. Results showed that NS, especially at high concentrations, reduced the accumulation of macroelements and microelements in the purslane plants, it has been shown that Ag ion damages the cell membranes and disrupts ionic homeostasis in cells, which negatively affects the absorption of nutrients. Since the mechanism of the effect of the NS on the accumulation of nutrient elements is unclear [43]. These results corroborate with the findings of Zuverza-Mena et al. [40] on Raphanus sativus.
Increasing macroelements in shoot was agrees with El-Sayed et al. [44] and Ashour [45]. IBA has a significant effect on micro and macroelements, this result agrees with [31]. Decreasing chemical elements by IBA may be due to highly varied macronutrient content in plants, which may have been caused by different climatic and growing conditions during the period of the experiment [46].
4. CONCLUSIONS
From the results of this study, we could conclude that the application of NS on D. sissoo cutting affected significantly on most studies’ characteristics. Treated cuttings with IBA show faster bud sprout, higher vegetative growth, chlorophyll a and b, and total carotenoids, shoot and root carbohydrate content, peroxidase enzyme activity, and most elements content of root and shoot. Furthermore, the IBA effect was higher than NS on D. sissoo cutting performance. Further studies are required to estimate some plant hormones and some other enzyme activities. In addition, the effect of some soil adapters like chemical fertilizers and peat moss and their interactions with NS on the cutting and plant performance will also needed.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Singh, R. Yadav and B. P. Bhatt, B. P. “Vegetative propagation of Dalbergia sissoo:Effect of growth regulators, length, position of shoot and type of cuttings on rooting potential in stem cuttings“. Forestry Studies in China. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 187-192, 2012.
[2] Jøker, D. “Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC:Seed Leaflet-Danida Forest Seed Centre. vol. 652. World Agroforestry Center, Kenya, 2, 2002. Avialble from:https://sl.ku.dk/rapporter/seed-leaflets/filer/dalbergia-sissoo-65-int.pdf [Last accessed on 2024 Jul 23].
[3] S. A. H. Naqvi, S. Mushtaq, M. T. Malik, U. D., Umar, A. Rehman, S. Fareed and N. A. Zulfiqar. “Factors leading towards Dalbergia sissoo decline (Syndrome) in Indian sub-continent:A critical review and future research agenda“. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research. vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 302-316, 2019.
[4] A. A. Adenusi and A. B. Odaibo. “Effects of varying concentrations of the crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo plant parts on biomphalaria pfeifferi egg masses“. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 139-149, 2009.
[5] N. Muniyappan and N. S. Nagarajan. “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with Dalbergia spinosa leaves and their applications in biological and catalytic activities“. Process Biochemistry, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1054-1061, 2014a.
[6] N. Muniyappan and N. S. Nagarajan. “In vitro evaluation of biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Dalbergia rostrata stem bark“. International Journal of Green Nanotechnology, vol. 2, pp. 1-9, 2014b.
[7] N. Muniyappan and N. S. Nagarajan. “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Dalbergia rubiginosa root aqueous extract“. Advanced Science Engineering and Medicine, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 603-607, 2014c.
[8] Q. H. Tran, V. Q. Nguyen and A. T. Le. “Silver nanoparticles:Synthesis, properties, toxicology, applications and perspectives“. Advances in Natural Sciences:Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 3, 033001, 2013.
[9] N. Dasgupta, S. Ranjan and C. Ramalingam C. “Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and water quality management“. Environmental Chemistry Letters vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 591-605, 2017.
[10] J. B. Swara and I. M. Al-barzinji. “Effects of nano silver particles and gibberllic acid on growth and some physiological characteristics of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb“. Science Journal of University of Zakho, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 102-108, 2021.
[11] A. Abdallatif, I. Hmmam and M. A. Ali. “Impact of silver nanoparticles mixture with NAA and IBA on rooting potential of Psidium guajava L. stem cuttings“. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 65, no. SI:13B, pp. 1119-1128, 2022.
[12] P. J. Davies. “Plant Hormones:Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology“. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1995.
[13] A. Husen. “Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. by softwood nodal cuttings:Effects of genotypes, application of IBA and position of cuttings on shoots. Silvae Genetica, vol. 53, no. 1-6, pp. 50-55, 2004.
[14] S. A. Khudhur and T. J. Omer. “Effect of NAA and IAA on stem cuttings of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb)“. Journal of Biology and Life Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 208-220, 2015.
[15] N. P. Nhung, P. Q. Thu, N. M. Chi and B. N. Dell. “Vegetative propagation of Dalbergia tonkinensis, a threatened, high-value tree species in South-east Asia“. SF-JFS, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 195-200, 2019.
[16] M. Kiruba, P. S. Devanand, B. Sivakumar, N. R. Nelson, R. Vijayan, K. Hemaprabha, P. Radha, M. Tilak, S. Utharasu, K. Sivakumar and M. Mathivanan. “Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo through stem cuttings“. The Pharma Innovation Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 357-360, 2023.
[17] S. S. Hojjat and H. Hojjat. “Effect of nano silver on seed germination and seedling growth in Fenugreek seed“. International Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 106-110, 2015.
[18] M. A. Ranal and D. G. D. Santana. “How and why to measure the germination process?“Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. 29, no. 1, 1-11, 2006.
[19] I. M. Al-Barzinji, S. A. Khudhur and N. M. Abdulrahman. “Effects of some dates, pre-treatment sowing, soil texture and foliar spraying of zinc on seedling of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.)“. ARO, The Scientific Journal of Koya University, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 14-22, 2015.
[20] D. J. Watson and M. A. Watson. “Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops:III. The effect of infection with beet yellows and beet mosaic viruses on the growth and yield of the sugar-beet root crop“. Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1-37, 1953.
[21] H. K. Lichtenthaler and A. R. Wellburn. “Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents“. Biochemical Society Trtansaction, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 591-592, 1983.
[22] M. A. Joslyn. “Analítico:Methods in Food Analysis. Physical, Chemical, and Instrumental Methods of Analysis“. 2nd ed. New York, Academic Press, 844, 1970.
[23] M. Nezih. “The peroxidase enzyme activity of some vegetables and its resistance to heat“. Food Agric, vol. 36, pp. 877-880, 1985.
[24] E. S. Rodrigues, M. H. F. Gomes, N. M. Duran, J. G. Cassanji, T. N. M. Da Cruz, A. S. Neto, S. M. Savassa, E. D. Almeida and H. W. P. De Carvalho. Laboratory microprobe X-ray fluorescence in plant science:Emerging applications and case studies. Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 9, 1588, 2018.
[25] A. H. Reza. “Design of Experiments for Agriculture and the Natural Sciences“. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York, pp. 452, 2016.
[26] T. Yeshiwas, M. Alemayehu, and G. Alemayehu. “Effects of indole butyric acid (IBA) and stem cuttings on growth of stenting-propagated rose in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia“. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 191-197, 2015.
[27] M. Kumari, V. Y. Patade, M. Arif and Z. Ahmed. “Effect of IBA on seed germination, sprouting and rooting in cuttings for mass propagation of Jatropha curcus L strain DARL-2“. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 691-696, 2010.
[28] W. M. Krieken, H. Breteler, M. H. Visser and D. Mavridou. “The role of the conversion of IBA into IAA on root regeneration in apple:Introduction of a test system“. Plant Cell Reports, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 203-206, 1993.
[29] H. T. Hartmann, D. E. Kester, F. T. Davies and R. L. Geneve. Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation:Principles and Practices. 8th ed. Prentice-Hall, London, 2014.
[30] M. J. Sweet and I. Singleton. “Soil contamination with silver nanoparticles reduces Bishop pine growth and ectomycorrhizal diversity on pine roots“. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 17, no. 11, 448, 2015.
[31] H. Y. A. Massoud, M. M. Abd El-Baset and A. A. Ghozzy. “Effect of some natural products as an alternative chemical growth regulators on rooting response‚growth and chemical composition of rosemary cutting“. Journal of Plant Production, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 797-803, 2017.
[32] V. Sarropoulou, K. Dimassi-Theriou and I. Therios. “Effects of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid and myo-inositol on in vitro rooting, vegetative growth and biochemical changes in leaves and roots in the sweet cherry rootstock MxM 14 using shoot tip explants“. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 191-201, 2015.
[33] A. H. Ahkami, S. Lischewski, K. T. Haensch, S. Porfirova, J. Hofmann, H. Rolletschek, M. Melzer, P. Franken, B. Hause, U. Druege and M. R. Hajirezaei. “Molecular physiology of adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida cuttings:Involvement of wound response and primary metabolism. New Phytologist, vol. 181, no. 3, pp. 613-625, 2009.
[34] N. K. Denaxa, S. N. Vemmos, P. A. Roussos and G. Kostelenos. “The effect of IBA, NAA and carbohydrates on rooting capacity of leafy cuttings in three olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.)“. XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People, vol. 1, no. 60, pp. 101-109, 2010.
[35] V. K. Kumar, S. Muthujrishnan and R. Rajalakshmi. “Phytostimulatory effect of phytochemical fabricated nanosilver (AgNPs) on Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. DC. seed germination:An insight from antioxidative enzyme activities and genetic similarity studies“. Current Plant Biology, vol. 23, 100158, 2020.
[36] M. Hatami and M. Ghorbanpour. “Effect of nanosilver on physiological performance of pelargonium plants exposed to dark storage“. Journal of Horticultural Research, vol. 21. no. 1, pp. 15-20, 2013.
[37] J. H. Kim, A. K. Lee and J. K. Suh. “Effect of certain pre-treatment substances on vase life and physiological character in Lilium spp“. IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, vol. 673, pp. 307-314, 2004.
[38] R. Pan and X. Tian. “Comparative effect of IBA, BSAA and 5, 6-Cl2-IAA-Me on the rooting of hypocotyl in mung bean“. Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 91-98, 1999.
[39] A. M. El-Shraiy and A. M. Hegazi. “Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3-bytric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)“. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 3514-3523, 2009.
[40] N. Zuverza-Mena, R. Armendariz, J. R. Peralta-Videa and J. L. Gardea-Torresdey. Effects of silver nanoparticles on radish sprouts:Root growth reduction and modifications in the nutritional value“. Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 7, 90, 2016.
[41] M. L. Guerinot. “The ZIP family of metal transporters“. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, vol. 1465, no. 1-2, pp. 190-198, 2000.
[42] A. Magesky and E. Pelletier. “Toxicity mechanisms of ionic silver and polymer-coated silver nanoparticles with interactions of functionalized carbon nanotubes on early development stages of sea urchin“. Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 167, pp. 106-123, 2015.
[43] Z. Zare, L. Pishkar, A. Iranbakhsh and D. Talei. “Physiological and molecular effects of silver nanoparticles exposure on purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)“. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 67, pp. 521-528, 2020.
[44] S. M. El-Sayed, A. A. M. Mazher, N. G. Abdel-Aziz, E. I. El-Maadawy and A. A. Nasr. “Effect of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol on growth and chemical composition of schefflera arboricola plants“. Middle East Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 782-792, 2014.
[45] H. Ashour. “Influence of gibberellic acid and silicon different sources on growth and chemical constituents of monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa 'Goldcrest Wilma') plants“. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 210-226, 2018.
[46] J. Sosnowski, K. Jankowski, M. Truba E. Malinowska, E. “Interaction effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (bap) and indole-3-butyric acid (iba) on micro-and macronutrient content in Medicago x varia t. martyn“. Journal of Elementology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1025-1036, 2019.