Domestication and Foreignization in Translating Cultural Terms from English into Kurdish in George Orwell’s Animal Farm
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n4y2023.pp45-54Keywords:
Cultural terms, Translation procedures, Foreignization, Domestication, Cultural equivalentAbstract
— Translation of culturally specific terms is considered a challenging activity. The current study explores the Kurdish translations of cultural terms found in the novel Animal farm written by George Orwell in 1945 and translated by three different translators. The study particularly attempts to identify the type of cultural terms according to Newmark’s (1988) taxonomy. In addition, the study uses Venuti's (1995) strategies of domestication and foreignization to identify the three translator’s choices, and uses Newmark's (1988) translation procedures to operationalize those two strategies. The results of the study reveal that all the five main categories of cultural terms were discovered including ecology, material culture (artefact), social culture (work and leisure), social organizations as well as gestures and habits. Material culture was the most frequent category of cultural terms found in the data. The translators employed various procedures, with cultural equivalent being the most common and deletion being the least. Furthermore, the translators' tendencies towards domestication and foreignization vary. Translator 1 demonstrates a greater inclination towards foreignization, while Translators 2 and 3 lean more towards domestication, with a notable similarity in their preferences. This study will be a contribution to the field of literary translation by offering insights concerning domestication and foreignization in translating CTs from English into Kurdish.
References
Aixela, J, F. (1997). Culture-Specific Items in Translation. In Translation, Power, Subversion. Ed. Roman Alvarez and M. Carmen-Africa Vidal. Claverdon: Multilingual Matters, 52-78.
Albakry, M. (2018). Translation and the intersection of texts, contexts and politics: Historical and socio-cultural perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.
Al-Rikaby, A.B.M., Mahadi, T.S.T. and Ai Lin, D.T. (2018). Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in Two Arabic Translations of Marlowe's Doctor Faustus: Culture-Bound Terms and Proper Names. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26(2).
Baker, M. & Saldanha, G., (2009). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Second edition, Abingdon: Routledge.
Baker, M. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Baker, M. (2011). In other words: A Coursebook on translation. 2nd ed. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge.
Bassnett, S. (2014). Translation studies. 4th ed. London: Routledge.
Braçaj, M. (2014). Reflection on language, culture and translation and culture as a challenge for translation process. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(4), 332–337. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p332
Dickins, J. (2012). Procedures for Translating Culturally Specific Terms. in: Littlejohn, A. and Roa Metha, S. (eds.) Language Studies: Stretching the Boundaries. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 43-60.
Dickins, J., J. Hervey Sándor G and Higgins, I. (2017). Thinking Arabic translation: Arabic to English. 2nd eds. London England: Routledge.
Dictionary definition & meaning (no date) Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Available at: Meriam Webster Dictionary https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/procedure (Accessed: February 15, 2023).
El-dali, H. M. (2011). Towards an understanding of the distinctive nature of translation studies. Journal of King Saud University - Languages and Translation, 23(1), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksult.2010.01.001
Feng, X., (2016). On aesthetic and cultural issues in pragmatic translation: Based on the translation of brand names and brand slogans. Routledge.
Fernández Guerra, A. (2012). Translating culture: Problems, strategies and practical realities. [sic] Journal of Literature, Culture and Literary Translation, (1.3). doi:10.15291/sic/1.3.lt.1
Gambier, Y. (2007). Doubts and Directions in Translation Studies, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Hatim, B. & Mason, I. (1990). Discourse and the Translator. Longman: Longman Group Limited.
Hatim. (2001). Teaching and researching translation. Harlow, England: Longman.
Hedger, M., (2006). Tension between Domestication and Foreignization in English‐Language.
Hervey, S., & Higgins, I. (1992). Thinking translation: Teachers’ handbook. French to English. A course in translation method. Routledge.
House, J. (2016). Translation as communication across languages and cultures. Routledge.
Hu, Cui’e. (2000). Rethinking on Domestication and Foreignization. Foreign Language and Translation, 1,45-48.
Kemppanen, H., Jänis, M. & Belikova, A. eds., (2012). Domestication and foreignization in translation studies (Vol. 46). Frank & Timme GmbH.
Larson, M.L. (1984) Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.
Lotman, J. (1978). On the Semiotic Mechanism of Culture. New Work History, p.211
Lorscher, W. (1991). Translation performance, translation process, and translation strategies: A psycholinguistic investigation. Tubingen: Gunther Nar
Mansour, M.H., (2014). Domestication and Foreignization in Translating Culture-Specific References of an English Text into Arabic. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, pp.23–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16184
Matielo, R. & Espindola, E.B., (2011). Domestication and foreignization: An analysis of culture-specific items in official and non-official subtitles of the tv series heroes. Cadernos de Tradução, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 1(27). https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2011v1n27p71
Munday, J. (2001/2012). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and applications. London and New York: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hamel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
Nord, C. (1997). Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Nord, C. (2001) Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. Toronto, Ontario: The Penguin Group.
Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. Translated by Mahmood, S. (2018). Suleimani: Endeshe publishing.
Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. Translated by Nadir, A. (2008). Suleimani: Sardam publishing.
Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. Translated by Osman, I. (2020). Suleimani: Adiban Publishing.
Pedersen, J. (2011) Subtitling Norms for Television: An exploration focusing on extralinguistic cultural references. Amsterdam, NL: John
Pinchuck, I. (1977) Scientific and Technical Translation. London: A. Deutsch Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ramière, N. (2006). Reaching a foreign audience: Cultural transfers in audiovisual translation. caleidoscópio: Literatura E tradução, 3(1), 07–20. https://doi.org/10.26512/caleidoscopio.v3i1.25323
Rasul, S. H. (2015). Procedures and Strategies in English-Kurdish Translation of Written Media Discourse, unpublished PhD thesis offered to the University of Leeds.
Robinson, D. (1997). Becoming a Translator: An Accelerated Course. London: Routledge
Schmidt, G. (2013). Foreignization and domestication in the Croatian translations of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Jezikoslovlje, Issue 2, pp. 537-548.
Shuttleworth, M., & Cowie, M. (1997) Dictionary of trans¬lation studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Sun, H. (2011). On cultural differences and translation methods. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. 2(1), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.1.160-163.
Toury, G. (1978). The Nature and Role of Norms in Translation, in Venuti, L. (ed.). The translation studies reader. London: Routledge, pp. 205-218.
Translations Of Anna Karenina. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). University of Edinburgh.
Venuti, L. (1995/2008). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. (2nd ed.) London and New York: Routledge.
Venuti, L. (2013) Translation changes everything: Theory and practice. London: Routledge.
Wang, F. (2014). An approach to domestication and foreignization from the angle of cultural factors translation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(11), 2423–2427. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.4.11.2423-2427
Wang, L, (2013). A Survey on Domestication and Foreignization Theories in Translation. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 3(1), 175-79 https://doi.org/10.4304/TPLS.3.1.175-179
Yan, C. and Huang, J. (2014) “The culture turn in translation studies,” Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 04(04), pp. 487–494. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.44041.
Yang, W. (2010). Brief study on domestication and foreignization in translation. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.1.77-80
Yang, W., (2012). Factors influencing domestication or foreignization on the macro and micro levels. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(12), pp. 2674–2679. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.12.2674-2679
Zhang, M. (2012). Translation manipulated by ideology and poetics—a case study of the jade mountain. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(4), 754–758. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.4.754-758.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Kazi Hassan Saleh, Huner Abdullah Mohammed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
