Personalized Skincare: Correlating Genetics with Skin Phenotypes through DNA Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp151-163Keywords:
DNA sequencing, Fitzpatrick skin type classification, Genetic predispositions, Genetic mapping, Personalized skincare solutionsAbstract
Genetic mapping through DNA sequencing for skin represents a novel method to elucidate detailed information regarding the relationship between genes and skin. This method analyzes genetic influences on various skin characteristics, crucial in the skin aging process. In this study, we aimed to explore the efficacy and potential of skin DNA sequencing as a valuable tool in dermatological research. Employing a purposive sampling method based on diverse skin types, we sought to ensure representativeness within the target population. The sample comprised four different skin types (five participants), selected to encompass a wide range of ages and diverse racial backgrounds. We precisely controlled for potential confounding factors such as age, gender, and race in study design. All participants exhibited consistent Fitzpatrick skin type classifications based on questionnaire responses and measurements from the Automatic Plasma Skin Type Analyzer or melanin reader. This consistency underscores the reliability of the Fitzpatrick skin type classification technique for determining skin phenotypes. Such classification holds significant importance in clinical research, guiding professionals and consumers in selecting suitable cosmetic products and skincare regimens. Furthermore, our study investigated into participants’ skin characteristics and their genetic predispositions to various skin-related attributes including dermal sensitivity, protection against glycation, antioxidant capacity, freckles, and cellulite. DNA skin tests offer critical insights into understanding and managing one’s unique skin traits. Our findings highlight the substantial impact of genetics on skin attributes. Notably, our observations indicate that individuals with similar skin types may harbor distinct genetic predispositions, underscoring the necessity for personalized skincare approaches. The results aim to empower clients, dermatologists, and beauty consultants to make knowledgeable skincare decisions based on genetic factors. The reliability of the Fitzpatrick skin type classification technique was validated through both questionnaire-based assessments and measurements from the Automatic Plasma Skin Type Analyzer or melanin reader, affirming its consistency and accuracy in describing participants’ skin phenotypes. In summary, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of skin health and equips individuals, dermatologists, and beauty consultants to make knowledgeable skincare choices based on genetic insights.
References
treatments”. Clinical, Cosmetic Investigational Dermatology, vol. 7, pp. 207-214, 2014.
M. Hussain, S. Krishnamurthy, J. Patel, E. Kim, B. A. Baptiste, D. L. Croteau and V. A. Bohr. “Skin abnormalities in disorders with DNA repair defects, premature aging, and mitochondrial dysfunction”. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 968-975, 2021.
S. Li, Y. Liu, M. Liu, L. Wang and X. Li. “Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis reveals biomarkers of DNA methylation-related genes in varicose veins”. Frontiers in Genetics, vol. 13, p. 1013803, 2022.
M. A. Farage, Y. Jiang, J. P. Tiesman, P. Fontanillas and R. Osborne. “Genome-wide association study identifies loci associated with sensitive skin”. Cosmetics, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 49, 2020.
A. J. Rawlings. “Cellulite and its treatment”. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 175-190, 2006.
Y. V. N. Limam, A. C. de Oliveira Boeing, R. P. Júnior and T. M. G. da Silva. “The impact of social media on Acne Vulgaris treatment”. Surgical Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 15, p. e20230198, 2023.
S. Sachdeva. “Fitzpatrick skin typing: Applications in dermatology”. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology Leprology, vol. 75, p. 93, 2009.
S. Pinedo-Donelli and E. Ball. “Next generation sequencing: Use in dermatology”. Medicina Cutánea Ibero-Latino-Americana, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 47-62, 2020.
P. Magin, D. Pond, W. Smith, S. Goode and N. Paterson. “Reliability of skin-type self-assessment: Agreement of adolescents’ repeated Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification ratings during a cohort study”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology Venereology, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1396-1399, 2012.
R. Oliveira, J. Ferreira, L. F. Azevedo and I. F. Almeida. “An overview of methods to characterize skin type: Focus on visual rating scales and self-report instruments”. Cosmetics, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 14, 2023.
N. Franceschini, A. Frick and J. B. Kopp. “Genetic testing in clinical settings”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 569-581, 2018.
S. Nutten. “Atopic dermatitis: Global epidemiology and risk factors”. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 66, no. Suppl. 1, pp. 8-16, 2015.
C. Beisswenger, K. Kandler, C. Hess, H. Garn, K. Felgentreff, M. Wegmann, H. Renz, C. Vogelmeier and R. Bals. “Allergic airway inflammation inhibits pulmonary antibacterial host defense”. The Journal of Immunology, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 1833-1837, 2006.
S. Yalçın, P. Mutlu, T. Çetin, M. Sarper, G. Özgür and F. Avcu. “The- 137G/C polymorphism in interleukin-18 gene promoter contributes to chronic lymphocytic and chronic myelogenous leukemia risk in Turkish patients”. Turkish Journal of Hematology, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 311, 2015.
C. E. Dubin, G. W. Kimmel, P. W. Hashim, J. K. Nia and J. A. Zeichner. “Objective evaluation of skin sensitivity across fitzpatrick skin types”. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 7. pp. 699-701, 2020.
C. Parrado, S. Mercado-Saenz, A. Perez-Davo, Y. Gilaberte, S. Gonzalez and A. Juarranz. “Environmental stressors on skin aging. Mechanistic insights”. Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 10, p. 759, 2019.
R. Václavíková, D. J. Hughes and P. Souček. “Microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1): Gene, structure, function, and role in human disease”. Gene, vol. 571, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2015.
A. Parkinson and B. W. Ogilvie. “Biotransformation of xenobiotics. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons”. Vol. 7. McGraw Hill, New York, pp. 161-304, 2008.
A. Atia and A. Abdullah. “NQO1 enzyme and its role in cellular protection; An insight”. Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 306-313, 2020.
S. Davinelli, M. E. Nielsen and G. Scapagnini. “Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review”. Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 522, 2018.
A. Knott, V. Achterberg, C. Smuda, H. Mielke, G. Sperling, K. Dunckelmann, A. Vogelsang, A. Krüger, H. Schwengler, M. Behtash, S. Kristof, H. Diekmann, T. Eisenberg, A. Berroth, J. Hildebrand, R. Siegner, M. Winnefeld, F. Teuber, S. Fey, J. Möbius, D. Retzer, T. Burkhardt, J. Lüttke and T. Blatt. “Topical treatment with coenzyme Q10‐containing formulas improves skin’s Q10 level and provides antioxidative effects”. Biofactors, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 383-390, 2015.
V. Lobo, A. Patil, A. Phatak and N. Chandra. “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health”. Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 4, no. 8, p. 11, 2010.
M. Rinnerthaler, J. Bischof, M. K. Streubel, A. Trost and K. Richter. “Oxidative stress in aging human skin”. Biomolecules, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 545-589, 2015.
V. Sosa, T. Moliné, R. Somoza, R. Paciucci, H. Kondoh and M. E. LLeonart. “Oxidative stress and cancer: An overview”. Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 376-390, 2013.
J. D. Hayes, A. T. Dinkova-Kostova and K. D. Tew. “Oxidative stress in cancer”. Cancer Cell, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 167-197, 2020.
C. Kaur and H. C. Kapoor. “Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium’s health”. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 703-725, 2001.
N. Skroza, E. Tolino, A. Mambrin, S. Zuber, V. Balduzzi, A. Marchesiello, N. Bernardini, I. Proietti, and C. Potenza. “Adult acne versus adolescent acne: A retrospective study of 1,167 patients”. The Journal of Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 21, 2018.
K. Kameswararao, C. Sujani, N. V. N. Koteswararao, A. Rajarao and P. N. S. Satyanarayanamma. “A brief review on acne vulgaris”. Research Journal of Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 109-119, 2019.
A. K. Mohiuddin. “A comprehensive review of acne vulgaris”. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 17-45, 2019.
N. Schmidt and E. H. Gans. “Clindamycin 1.2% tretinoin 0.025% gel versus clindamycin gel treatment in acne patients: A Focus on fitzpatrick skin types”. The Journal of Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 31, 2011.
R. Singh and R. G. Singh. “Efficacy and safety of radio frequency in acne and freckles”. Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 362-368, 2019.
R. Huggenberger and M. Detmar. “The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation”. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, vol. 15, pp. 24-32, 2011.
M. Pasparakis, I. Haase and F. O. Nestle. “Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation”. Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 289-301, 2014.
T. P. Habif, M. S. Chapman, J. G. Dinulos and K. A. Zug. “Skin Disease e-book: Diagnosis and Treatment”. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 2017.
A. L. Bosma, W. Ouwerkerk, M. J. Heidema, D. Prieto-Merino, M. R. Ardern-Jones, P. Beattie, S. J. Brown, J. R. Ingram, A. D. Irvine G. Ogg, P. Patel, N. J. Reynolds, R. M. Ross Hearn, M. Wan, R. B. Warren, R. T. Woolf, A. M. Hyseni, L. A. A. Gerbens, P. I. Spuls, C. Flohr, M. A. Middelkamp-Hup and TREAT NL Registry and UK-Irish A-STAR Study Groups. “Comparison of real-world treatment outcomes of systemic immunomodulating therapy in atopic dermatitis patients with dark and light skin types”. JAAD International, vol. 10, pp. 14-24, 2023.
C. Praetorius, R. A. Sturm and E. Steingrimsson. “Sun-induced freckling: Ephelides and solar lentigines”. Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 339-350, 2014.
S. Noroozi, F. Fadaei, M. Rahbar, M. Tabarrai, P. Mansouri and L. Shirbeigi. “Novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for ephelides (freckles) from a Persian medicine perspective: A narrative review”. Journal of Skin Stem Cell, vol. 9, no. 3, p. e123335, 2022.
M. Ekim and H. Ekim. “Incidence of the MTHFR polymorphisms in patients with varicose veins”. Hippokratia, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 175, 2017.
R. H. Jones and P. J. Carek. “Management of varicose veins”. American Family Physician, vol. 78, no. 11, pp. 1289-1294, 2008.
T. Arnould, C. Michiels, D. Janssens, N. Berna and J. Remacle. “Effect of Ginkor Fort on hypoxia-induced neutrophil adherence to human saphenous vein endothelium”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 456-463, 1998.
M. R. Aslam, H. Muhammad Asif, K. Ahmad, S. Jabbar, A. Hayee, M. S. Sagheer, J. U. Rehman, S. Khalid, A. S. Hashmi and S. R. Rajpoot and A. Sharif. “Global impact and contributing factors in varicose vein disease development”. SAGE Open Medicine, vol. 10, p. 1, 2022.
D. Indyk, A. Bronowicka-Szydełko, A. Gamian and A. Kuzan. “Advanced glycation end products and their receptors in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes”. Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 13264, 2021.
P. Gkogkolou and M. Böhm. “Advanced glycation end products: Key players in skin aging?” Dermato-Endocrinology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 259-270, 2012.
M. Fournet, F. Bonté and A. Desmoulière. “Glycation damage: A possible hub for major pathophysiological disorders and aging”. Aging Disease, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 880, 2018.
M. Zhang, F. Song, L. Liang, H. Nan, J. Zhang, H. Liu, L. E. Wang, Q. Wei, J. E. Lee, and C. I. Amos, P. Kraft, A. A. Qureshi and J. Han. “Genome-wide association studies identify several new loci associated with pigmentation traits and skin cancer risk in European Americans”. Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 2948-2959, 2013.
K. Tokarska, S. Tokarski, A. Woźniacka, A. Sysa-Jędrzejowska and J. Bogaczewicz. “Cellulite: A cosmetic or systemic issue? Contemporary views on the etiopathogenesis of cellulite”. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 442-446, 2018.
E. Emanuele, M. Bertona and D. Geroldi. “A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 930-935, 2010.
D. P. Friedmann, G. L. Vick and V. Mishra. “Cellulite: A review with a focus on subcision”. Clinical, Cosmetic Investigational Dermatology, vol. 10, pp. 17-23, 2017.
F. Turati, C. Pelucchi, F. Marzatico, M. Ferraroni, A. Decarli, S. Gallus, C. La Vecchia and C. Galeone. “Efficacy of cosmetic products in cellulite reduction: Systematic review and meta-analysis”. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology Venereology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2014.
G. M. DeStefano and A. M. Christiano. “The genetics of human skin disease”. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 4, no. 10, p. a015172, 2014.
A. Vierkötter and J. Krutmann. “Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations”. Dermato-Endocrinology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 227-231, 2012.
S. Lautenschlager, H. C. Wulf and M. R. Pittelkow. “Photoprotection”. The Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9586, pp. 528-537, 2007.
B. Perbal and S. Gabaron. “Mastering health: Liberating beauty: Will the cosmetics of tomorrow be genetic?” Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, vol. 15, pp. 483-490, 2021.
A. Berekméri, A. Tiganescu, A. A. Alase, E. Vital, M. Stacey, and M. Wittmann. “Non-invasive approaches for the diagnosis of autoimmune/ autoinflammatory skin diseases-a focus on psoriasis and Lupus erythematosus”. Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 10, p. 1931, 2019.
E. Rostkowska, E. Poleszak, K. Wojciechowska and K. Dos Santos Szewczyk. “Dermatological management of aged skin”. Cosmetics, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 55, 2023.
D. G. Blazer and L. M. Hernandez. “Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate”. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sirwan Aziz Akbar, Shkar M J Hassan, Zana Muhamad Raoof, Mudhafar Mohamed M. Saeed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
