Relation between Thyroid Function Tests and Body Mass Index among Thyroid Dysfunction Patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n2y2024.pp1-6Keywords:
Body Mass Index, Overweight , Obesity , Thyroid Dysfunction , Thyroid Stimulating HormoneAbstract
Background: Obesity has the potential to impact thyroid function through various pathways, even in individuals considered euthyroid. The relationship between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) remains a subject of ongoing debate. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to ascertain the correlation existing among thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and BMI in patients experiencing thyroid dysfunction within the context of the Smart Health Tower. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Smart Health Tower in Sulaimani city from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. One hundred and sixty-six patients with thyroid dysfunction (128 individuals had hypothyroidism, eight individuals had hyperthyroidism, and 30 individuals were the other type of thyroid dysfunction) were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 43.62 ± 11.17 and 50.6% of the participation were male. Patients were divided into four groups based on BMI value: Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Results: The highest rate of age group was between (30 and 40) years old (84%) of them were male. The participants with higher BMI had higher TSH and this trend continued from underweight to Obese. The mean TSH of the underweight group was 0.47 ± 0.61 mIU/L, the normal weight group 1.5 ± 1.91 mIU/L, the overweight group 2.8± 3.87 mIU/L and the obese group 2.7 ± 2.37 mIU/L. Conclusion: A significant relationship between serum TSH and BMI and mean TSH increased as BMI increased. Further large-scale data from the population are required to confirm these findings.
References
Y. Y. Liu and G. A. Brent. “Thyroid hormone crosstalk with nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic regulation”. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 21, pp. 166-173, 2010.
B. Biondi. “Thyroid and obesity: An intriguing relationship”. The Journal of clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 95, pp. 3614-3617, 2010.
J. Karmisholt, S. Andersen and P. Laurberg. “Weight loss after therapy of hypothyroidism is mainly caused by excretion of excess body water associated with myxedema”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 96, pp. E99-E103, 2011.
B. O’Malley, J. Hickey and E. Nevens. “Thyroid dysfunction-weight problems and the psyche: The patients’ perspective”. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 13, pp. 243-248, 2000.
A. Gesing. “The thyroid gland and the process of aging”. Thyroid Research, vol. 22, pp. 8, no. Suppl 1, p. A8, 2015.
J. R. Garber, R. H. Cobin, H. Gharib, J. V. Hennessey, I. Klein, J. I. Mechanick, R. Pessah-Pollack, P. Singer and W. A. Kenneth. “Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Cosponsored by the American association of clinical endocrinologists and the american thyroid association”. Thyroid, vol. 22, pp. 1200-1235, 2012.
A. Amouzegar, E. Kazemian, H. Abdi, M. A. Mansournia, M. Bakhtiyari, M. S. Hosseini and F. Azizi. “Association between thyroid function and development of different obesity phenotypes in euthyroid adults: A nine-year follow-up”. Thyroid, vol. 28, pp. 458-464, 2018.
D. S. Ross, H. B. Burch, D. S. Cooper, M. C. Greenlee, P. Laurberg, A. L. Maia, S. A. Rivkees, J. A. Sosa, M. N. Stan, and M. A. Walter. “2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis”. Thyroid, vol. 26, pp. 1343-1421, 2016.
R. A. Nordyke, F. I. Gilbert and A. S. M. Harada. “Graves’ disease: Influence of age on clinical findings”. Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 148, pp. 626-631, 1988.
R. Hoermann and J. E. Midgley. “TSH measurement and its implications for personalised clinical decision-making”. Journal of Thyroid Research, vol. 2012, p. 438037, 2012.
B. Zafrir, Y. Goren, N. Salman and O. Amir. “Comparison of body mass index and body surface area as outcome predictors in patients with systolic heart failure”. Cardiology Journal, vol. 22, pp. 375-381, 2015.
P. N. Taylor, D. Albrecht, A. Scholz, G. Gutierrez-Buey, J. H. Lazarus, C. M. Dayan, C. M. Dayan and O. E. Okosieme. “Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 14, pp. 301-316, 2018.
R. P. Peeters. “Thyroid hormones and aging”. Hormones (Athens), vol. 7, pp. 28-35, 2008.
L. H. Duntas and B. Biondi. “The interconnections between obesity, thyroid function, and autoimmunity: The multifold role of leptin”. Thyroid, vol. 23, pp. 646-653, 2013.
R. Castello and M. Caputo. “Thyroid diseases and gender”. The Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 136-141, 2019.
H. Kurt. “Association between ABO blood group and hashimoto thyroiditis”. EJMO, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 243-246, 2023.
H. F. Nyström, S. Jansson and G. Berg. “Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003-2005”. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford), vol. 78, pp. 768-776, 2013.
M. Marinò, F. Latrofa, F. Menconi, L. Chiovato and P. Vitti. “Role of genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of Graves’ disease”. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 38, pp. 283-294, 2015.
T. Reinehr. “Obesity and thyroid function”. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 316, pp. 165-171, 2010.
P. Marzullo, C. Mele, S. Mai, G. Guzzaloni, D. Soranna, M. A. Tagliaferri, M. E. Berselli, F. Prodam, D. Surico, G. Aimaretti and M. Scacchi. “The impact of the metabolic phenotype on thyroid function in obesity”. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome, vol. 8, p. 59, 2016.
M. Rosenbaum, J. Hirsch, E. Murphy and R. L. Leibel. “Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function”. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, pp. 1421-1432, 2000.
M. Mahdavi, A. Amouzegar, L. Mehran, E. Madreseh, M. Tohidi and F. Azizi. “Investigating the prevalence of primary thyroid dysfunction in obese and overweight individuals: Tehran thyroid study”. BMC Endocrine Disorders, vol. 21, p. 89, 2021.
R. H. Song, B. Wang, Q. M. Yao, Q. Li, X. Jia and J. A. Zhang. “The impact of obesity on thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 10, p. 2349, 2019.
N. Knudsen, P. Laurberg, L. B. Rasmussen, I. Bülow, H. Perrild, L. Ovesen and T. Jørgensen. “Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 90, pp. 4019-4024, 2005.
S. Valdés, C. Maldonado-Araque, A. Lago-Sampedro, J. A. Lillo-Muñoz, E. Garcia-Fuentes, V. Perez-Valero, C. Gutiérrez-Repiso, E. Garcia- Escobar, A. Goday, L. Urrutia,… &. G. Rojo-Martínez. “Reference values for TSH may be inadequate to define hypothyroidism in persons with morbid obesity: Di@bet.es study”. Obesity (Silver Spring), vol. 25, pp. 788-793, 2017.
F. Soriguer, S. Valdes, S. Morcillo, I. Esteva, M. C. Almaraz, M. S. R. De Adana, M. J. Tapia, M. Dominguez, C. Gutierrez-Repiso, E. Rubio-Martin, L. Garrido-Sanchez, V. Perez, M. J. Garriga, G. Rojo-Martinez and E. Garcia-Fuentes. “Thyroid hormone levels predict the change in body weight: A prospective study”. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 41, pp. 1202-1209, 2011.
N. Manji, K. Boelaert, M. C. Sheppard, R. L. Holder, S. C. Gough and J. A. Franklyn. “Lack of association between serum TSH or free T4 and body mass index in euthyroid subjects”. Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 64, pp. 125-128, 2006.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanaa Othman Karim, Kalthum Mohammed Gharib, Maisam Hama Murad Majeed, Hadeel Abdulelah Ibrahim, Bayan Omar Sharif, Diman F. Salih, Balen F. Hamasaeed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
