Current Antifungal Drug Prescribing to Treat Oral Thrush in Sulaimani City-Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v2n2y2018.pp1-6Keywords:
Amphotericin B, Antifungal agents, Fluconazole, NystatinAbstract
Oral thrush or oral candidosis is one of the most widespread fungal infections of the mucous membranes in human. This study aims to evaluate the pattern of prescribing of three antifungal drugs: nystatin, amphotericin B, fluconazole, and miconazole by the pharmacists and assistant pharmacists, which are used to treat oral thrush. A questionnaire was circulated to a random selection of pharmacies in Sulaimani city of Iraq between March 2017 and June 2017 and responses to were received from 101 pharmacies. The results were analyzed and the responses demonstrated as absolute and relative frequencies using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Program (SPSS) version 21. Among the participants (65.3%) were males and (34.7%) were females. The participant's age range was (20 – 70) years. The majority (52.3%) holds a postgraduate degree as their highest educational level and they graduated after 2010. Miconazole and nystatin were the most popular choices of an antifungal agent that pharmacists would use, followed by fluconazole and amphotericin-B. The possibility of using miconazole was positively linked to recently graduated participants.
References
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[29] H. Terai, T. Ueno, Y. Suwa, M. Omori, K. Yamamoto and S. Kasuya. “Candida is a protractive factor of chronic oral ulcers among usual outpatients”. Japanese Dental Science Review, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 52-58, 2018.
[2] P. Eggimann, J. Garbino and D. Pittet. “Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 685-702, 2003.
[3] M. Tumbareloo, E. Tacconelli, L. Pagano, E. Ortuabarbera, G. Morace, R. Cauda, G. Leone and L. Ortona. “Comparative analysis of prognostic indicators of aspergillosis in haematological malignancies and HIV infection”. Journal of Infection, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 55-60, 1997.
[4] M. Hudson. “Antifungal resistance and over-the-counter availability in the UK: A current perspective”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 345-350, 2001.
[5] S. Sundriyal, R. Sharma and R. Jain. “Current advances in antifungal targets and drug development”. Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1321-1335, 2006.
[6] J. Maertens. “History of the development of azole derivatives”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 10, pp. 1-10, 2004.
[7] G. Thompson, J. Cadena and T. Patterson. “Overview of antifungal agents”. Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 203-215, 2009.
[8] A. Melkoumov, M. Goupil, F. Louhichi, M. Raymond, L. de Repentigny and G. Leclair. “Nystatin nanosizing enhances in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Candida albicans”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 2099-2105, 2013.
[9] A. Akpan. “Oral candidiasis”. Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 78, no. 922, pp. 455-459, 2002.
[10] A. Darwazeh and T. Darwazeh. “What makes oral candidiasis recurrent infection? A clinical view”. Journal of Mycology, vol. 2014, pp. 1-5, 2014.
[11] J. Meis and P. Verweij. “Current management of fungal infections”. Drugs, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2001.
[12] J. Bagg. Essentials of Microbiology for Dental Students. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
[13] J. Bolard. “How do the polyene macrolide antibiotics affect the cellular membrane properties?” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, vol. 864, no. 3-4, pp. 257-304, 1986.
[14] M. Schäfer-Korting, J. Blechschmidt and H. Korting. “Clinical use of oral nystatin in the prevention of systemic candidosis in patients at particular risk”. Mycoses, vol. 39, no. 9-10, pp. 329-339, 1996.
[15] E. Budtz-Jörgensen and T. Lombardi. “Antifungal therapy in the oral cavity”. Periodontology 2000, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 89-106, 1996.
[16] M. Kathiravan, A. Salake, A. Chothe, P. Dudhe, R. Watode, M. Mukta and S. Gadhwe. “The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents”. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 20, pp. 5678- 5698, 2012.
[17] M. Martin. “The use of fluconazole and itraconazole in the treatment of Candida albicans infections: A review”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 429-437, 1999.
[18] T. Meiller, J. Kelley, M. Jabra-Rizk, L. DePaola, A. Baqui and W. Falkler. “In vitro studies of the efficacy of antimicrobials against fungi”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 663-670, 2001.
[19] Y. MartÃnez-Beneyto, P. López-Jornet, A. Velandrino-Nicolás and V. Jornet-GarcÃa. “Use of antifungal agents for oral candidiasis: Results of a national survey”. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 47-52, 2010.
[20] M. Lewis, C. Meechan, T. MacFarlane, P. Lamey and E. Kay. “Presentation and antimicrobial treatment of acute orofacial infections in general dental practice”. British Dental Journal, vol. 166, no. 2, pp. 41-45, 1989.
[21] R. Oliver, H. Dhaliwal, E. Theaker and M. Pemberton. “Patterns of antifungal prescribing in general dental practice”. British Dental Journal, vol. 196, no. 11, pp. 701-703, 2004.
[22] M. Al-Shayyab, O. Abu-Hammad, M. AL-Omiri and N. Dar-Odeh. “Antifungal prescribing pattern and attitude towards the treatment of oral candidiasis among dentists in Jordan”. International Dental Journal, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 216-226, 2015.
[23] J. Epstein, M. Gorsky and J. Caldwell. “Fluconazole mouthrinses for oral candidiasis in postirradiation, transplant, and other patients”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 671-675, 2002.
[24] M. Martins. “Fluconazole suspension for oropharyngeal candidiasis unresponsive to tablets”. Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 126, no. 4, p. 332, 1997.
[25] C. Garcia-Cuesta, M. Sarrion-Perez and J. Bagan. “Current treatment of oral candidiasis: A literature review”. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, pp. vol. 6, no. 5, e576-e582, 2014.
[26] A. Salem, D. Adams, H. Newman and L. Rawle. “Antimicrobial properties of 2 aliphatic amines and chlorhexidine in vitro and in saliva”. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 44-47, 1987.
[27] P. Barkvoll and A. Attramadal. “Effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate on Candida albicans”. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 279-281, 1989.
[28] A. Anand, M. Ambooken, J. Mathew, K. Harish Kumar, K. Vidya and L. Koshy. “Antifungal-prescribing pattern and attitude toward the treatment of oral candidiasis among dentists in and around Kothamangalam in Kerala: A survey”. Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 77, 2016.
[29] H. Terai, T. Ueno, Y. Suwa, M. Omori, K. Yamamoto and S. Kasuya. “Candida is a protractive factor of chronic oral ulcers among usual outpatients”. Japanese Dental Science Review, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 52-58, 2018.
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Published
2018-07-25
How to Cite
Rsaul, H. O. (2018). Current Antifungal Drug Prescribing to Treat Oral Thrush in Sulaimani City-Iraq. UHD Journal of Science and Technology, 2(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v2n2y2018.pp1-6
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