Possible Motivations for Learning English amongst Kurdish EFL Undergraduate Learners at the University Level
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v7n1y2021.pp35-42Keywords:
Applied Linguistics, Instrumental Motivation, Integrative MotivationAbstract
It can be argued that integrative and instrumental kinds of motivation are two prominent factors in learning new languages. Each kind of motivation works differently in various contexts. Besides, several studies have been investigated in EFL (English as a foreign language), and ESL (English as a second language) settings. There are also external factors that have impacts on different types of motivation and learners. There are also obvious reasons for learning English as a foreign language. This study focused on integrative and instrumental kinds of motivation amongst Kurdish EFL undergraduate learners at the University of Sulaimani in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The finding showed that getting a job is a major motivator for learning English amongst learners. However, cultural and communication goals were two other important goals that encouraged learners to learn English. In general, the results revealed that instrumental motivation was more significant than integrative motivation. Additionally, some elements affected and increased learner's motivation such as parental aids, teachers, social, personality, and university environment.
References
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Bernard, J. (2010).Motivation in Foreign Language Learning: the relationship between Classroom Activities, Motivation, and Outcomes in a University Language- Learning Environment. MA. Carnegie Mellon University.
Bonney, et al. (2008). Understanding strategies in foreign language learning: Are integrative and intrinsic motives distinct predictors? Learning and Individual differences, 18, 1-10.
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Busch, M. (1993). Using Likert scales in L2 research: A researcher comments… TESOL
Quarterly, 27(4), 733-736.
Cheng, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 44(3), 471-446.
Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1994). Motivation, self‐confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom. Language Learning, 44(3), 417–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01113.x
Crystal, D.(2007). How language works: How babies babble, words change meaning and languages live or die. London: Penguin.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (1989). The dynamics of intrinsic motivation: A study of adolescents. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Goals and cognitions (pp.45—71). New York: Academic Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 1024–1037.
Diab, R. L. (2006). University students’ beliefs about learning English and French in Lebanon. System 34 ,80–96.
Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning.Language Learning, 40, 46-78.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, 19, 42-68.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and Researching Motivation. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.
Dörnyei,Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: construction, administration, and processing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ebong, B. (2004). The use of indigenous techniques of communication in language learning: the case of Cameroon. Gottingen: Guvillier Verlag.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychological aspects of language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R.C. (2000). Correlation, causation, motivation and second language acquisition. Canadian Psychology 41, 1–24.
Gardner, R.C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In: Do¨ rnyei, Z., Schmidt, R. (Eds.), Motivation and Second.Language Acquisition.
Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., May, D. R., & Walumba, F. O. (2005). Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. The Leadership Quarterly University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Centre, Honolulu, pp. 1–19.
Gardner, R. C. (2007). Motivation and second language acquisition. Porta Linguarum 8, pp.9-20.
Gardner, R.C., Lalonde, R., & Pierson, R. (1983). The socio-educational model of second language acquisition: An investigation using LISREL causal modeling. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2, 51-65
Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1972). Motivational variables in second language acquisition. In R.C. Gardner & W. Lambert (eds.) Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. (pp. 119-216). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner, R. C. (1988). The socio-educational model of second language learning: Assumptions, findings, and issues. Language Learning, 38,101-126.
Giles, H. and Byrne, J. L. (1982) An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 3, 17–40.onzales, Richard DLC., 2010. Motivational orientation in a foreign language: the case of Filipino foreign language learners. TESOL Journal, (3), pp. 3-28.
Gu (Michelle), M. (2009). College English learners’ discursive motivation construction in China. The system, 37 ,300–312.
Hama S. P., payman_sabir@yahoo.com, (2011). A short survey among third-year students at The College of Basic Education' Why do you want to learn to English'. [email] message to FarhadHama( farhadengland@gmail.com). Sent Wednesday 21 December 2011, 02:40. [Accessed 7 Jan 2012].
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Kaylani, C. (1996). The influence of gender and motivation on EFL learning strategy use in Jordan. In Oxford, R. L. (Ed.), Language Learning Strategies Around the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. University of Hawaii: Honolulu.
Khajehpour, M., and Ghazvini, S. D. (2011). Attitudes and Motivation in learning English as a Second Language in high school students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15, 1209–1213.
Koul, et al. (2009). Multiple goal orientations and foreign language anxiety. System 37, 676–688. Lamb, Martin., 2004. Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32, 3-19.
Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32, 3-19.
Lewis, M. (2011). How to study foreign languages. Basingstoke: Macmillan Macmillan, 2011. Sunrise: A bright new look at English. [online] available at < http://www.sunrisekurdistan.com/sunrise secondary/testing/level-7/> [Accessed 15 Jan 2012].
Masgoret, A.M., and Gardner, R.C. (2003). Attitudes, motivation, and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and Associates. Language Learning, 53 (1), 123 -163.
Manolopoulou-Sergi, E. (2004). Motivation within the information processing model of foreign language learning. System 32, 427–441.
Noles, K.A., Clement, R., Pelletier, L.G. (1999). Perceptions of teachers' communicative style and students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Modern Language Journal, 83, 23-34.
Norton Peirce, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29 (1), 9-3
Norton, B.(2000). Identity and language learning: Social processes and educational practice.Longman: London.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. London: Hodder Education.
Oruç, N., and Bektas-Çetinkayaa, Y.(2010). Turkish students' motivation to learn English at public and private universities. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, 4662-4666.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
Qashoa, S. (2006). Motivation among learners of English in the secondary schools in the eastern coast of the UAE. M.A thesis, British University in Dubai.
Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
Sarudin, I. H., and Zubairi, A. M. (2009). Motivation to Learn a Foreign Language In Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 9(2),73-87.
Sawada, M. (2004). Adult EFL learner motivation: Learning English as lifelong learning. JACET Bulletin, 39, 59-71.
Schumann, J. H. (1986). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 7 (5), 379-392.
Scott, J. C. S. D. Y., and Laurie, K. ed., (2009). Affirming students' right to their language. New York: Routledge.
Spratt, M. and Humphreys, G. (2008). Many languages, many motivations: A study of Hong Kong students’ motivation to learn different target languages. System, 36, 313-335.
Spolsky, B. (1989). Conditions for Second Language Learners. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Turner, J. (1993). Using Likert scales in L2 research: Another researcher comments… TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 736-739.
William M. B. R L. (2000). Psychology for Language Teachers. Cambridge University Press, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, People‘s Education Press.Ortega, Lourdes., 2009. Understanding second language acquisition. London: Hodder Education.
Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: the Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal,86, 54-66.
Al-Ahmadi, M. R. (2011). The Effect of Integrative and Instrumental Motivation on Iranian EFL Learners’ Language Learning. ELT Voices- India, 97-104.
Aladdin, A. (2010). Non-Muslim Malaysian learners of Arabic (NMMLAs): An investigation of their attitudes and motivation towards learning Arabic as a foreign language in multiethnic and multicultural Malaysia. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9, 1805–1811.
Al Rifai, N. (2010). Attitude, motivation, and difficulties involved in learning the English language and factors that affect motivation in learning it. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 5216–5227.
Aydin, E. (2007). An Analysis of Motivations, Attitudes, and Perceptions of the Students at TOBB University of Economics and Technology
toward Learning English as a Foreign Language. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
Baumeister, R., and Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497– 529.
Bernard, J. (2010).Motivation in Foreign Language Learning: the relationship between Classroom Activities, Motivation, and Outcomes in a University Language- Learning Environment. MA. Carnegie Mellon University.
Bonney, et al. (2008). Understanding strategies in foreign language learning: Are integrative and intrinsic motives distinct predictors? Learning and Individual differences, 18, 1-10.
Brown, D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
Busch, M. (1993). Using Likert scales in L2 research: A researcher comments… TESOL
Quarterly, 27(4), 733-736.
Cheng, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, 44(3), 471-446.
Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1994). Motivation, self‐confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom. Language Learning, 44(3), 417–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01113.x
Crystal, D.(2007). How language works: How babies babble, words change meaning and languages live or die. London: Penguin.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (1989). The dynamics of intrinsic motivation: A study of adolescents. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Goals and cognitions (pp.45—71). New York: Academic Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1987). The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 1024–1037.
Diab, R. L. (2006). University students’ beliefs about learning English and French in Lebanon. System 34 ,80–96.
Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning.Language Learning, 40, 46-78.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, 19, 42-68.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and Researching Motivation. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.
Dörnyei,Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: construction, administration, and processing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ebong, B. (2004). The use of indigenous techniques of communication in language learning: the case of Cameroon. Gottingen: Guvillier Verlag.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychological aspects of language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R.C. (2000). Correlation, causation, motivation and second language acquisition. Canadian Psychology 41, 1–24.
Gardner, R.C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In: Do¨ rnyei, Z., Schmidt, R. (Eds.), Motivation and Second.Language Acquisition.
Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., May, D. R., & Walumba, F. O. (2005). Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. The Leadership Quarterly University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Centre, Honolulu, pp. 1–19.
Gardner, R. C. (2007). Motivation and second language acquisition. Porta Linguarum 8, pp.9-20.
Gardner, R.C., Lalonde, R., & Pierson, R. (1983). The socio-educational model of second language acquisition: An investigation using LISREL causal modeling. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2, 51-65
Gardner, R.C. & Lambert, W.E. (1972). Motivational variables in second language acquisition. In R.C. Gardner & W. Lambert (eds.) Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. (pp. 119-216). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner, R. C. (1988). The socio-educational model of second language learning: Assumptions, findings, and issues. Language Learning, 38,101-126.
Giles, H. and Byrne, J. L. (1982) An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 3, 17–40.onzales, Richard DLC., 2010. Motivational orientation in a foreign language: the case of Filipino foreign language learners. TESOL Journal, (3), pp. 3-28.
Gu (Michelle), M. (2009). College English learners’ discursive motivation construction in China. The system, 37 ,300–312.
Hama S. P., payman_sabir@yahoo.com, (2011). A short survey among third-year students at The College of Basic Education' Why do you want to learn to English'. [email] message to FarhadHama( farhadengland@gmail.com). Sent Wednesday 21 December 2011, 02:40. [Accessed 7 Jan 2012].
Johnson, Keith. 2008. An introduction to foreign language learning and teaching. Harlow: Longman.
Kaylani, C. (1996). The influence of gender and motivation on EFL learning strategy use in Jordan. In Oxford, R. L. (Ed.), Language Learning Strategies Around the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. University of Hawaii: Honolulu.
Khajehpour, M., and Ghazvini, S. D. (2011). Attitudes and Motivation in learning English as a Second Language in high school students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15, 1209–1213.
Koul, et al. (2009). Multiple goal orientations and foreign language anxiety. System 37, 676–688. Lamb, Martin., 2004. Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32, 3-19.
Lamb, M. (2004). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32, 3-19.
Lewis, M. (2011). How to study foreign languages. Basingstoke: Macmillan Macmillan, 2011. Sunrise: A bright new look at English. [online] available at < http://www.sunrisekurdistan.com/sunrise secondary/testing/level-7/> [Accessed 15 Jan 2012].
Masgoret, A.M., and Gardner, R.C. (2003). Attitudes, motivation, and second language learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and Associates. Language Learning, 53 (1), 123 -163.
Manolopoulou-Sergi, E. (2004). Motivation within the information processing model of foreign language learning. System 32, 427–441.
Noles, K.A., Clement, R., Pelletier, L.G. (1999). Perceptions of teachers' communicative style and students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Modern Language Journal, 83, 23-34.
Norton Peirce, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29 (1), 9-3
Norton, B.(2000). Identity and language learning: Social processes and educational practice.Longman: London.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. London: Hodder Education.
Oruç, N., and Bektas-Çetinkayaa, Y.(2010). Turkish students' motivation to learn English at public and private universities. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, 4662-4666.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
Qashoa, S. (2006). Motivation among learners of English in the secondary schools in the eastern coast of the UAE. M.A thesis, British University in Dubai.
Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
Sarudin, I. H., and Zubairi, A. M. (2009). Motivation to Learn a Foreign Language In Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 9(2),73-87.
Sawada, M. (2004). Adult EFL learner motivation: Learning English as lifelong learning. JACET Bulletin, 39, 59-71.
Schumann, J. H. (1986). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 7 (5), 379-392.
Scott, J. C. S. D. Y., and Laurie, K. ed., (2009). Affirming students' right to their language. New York: Routledge.
Spratt, M. and Humphreys, G. (2008). Many languages, many motivations: A study of Hong Kong students’ motivation to learn different target languages. System, 36, 313-335.
Spolsky, B. (1989). Conditions for Second Language Learners. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Turner, J. (1993). Using Likert scales in L2 research: Another researcher comments… TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 736-739.
William M. B. R L. (2000). Psychology for Language Teachers. Cambridge University Press, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, People‘s Education Press.Ortega, Lourdes., 2009. Understanding second language acquisition. London: Hodder Education.
Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: the Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal,86, 54-66.
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Published
2021-02-07
How to Cite
Hama, F. M., Ismael, D. A., & Noori, A. K. (2021). Possible Motivations for Learning English amongst Kurdish EFL Undergraduate Learners at the University Level. Journal of University of Human Development, 7(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v7n1y2021.pp35-42
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