Modeling Groundwater Potential Zones across Sulaimani Governorate Using Geographic Information System and Multi-influencing Factor Techniques
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v5n1y2021.pp13-20Keywords:
Geographic information system, Groundwater potential, Multi-influencing factor, Sulaimani, Spatial distributionAbstract
Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in the world. The presence of groundwater is the result of interaction of several factors such as: hydrology, geology, climate, ecology, and physiography. The purpose of this paper is to produce groundwater potential zones which are useful in determining the amount of groundwater available in Sulaimani Governorate, North of Iraq. Geographic information system database for six different thematic layers (digital elevation model, rainfall, soil texture, drainage density, slope and land use/land cover) were generated. The study approach involved integration of six layers carried out based on the multiplication of each data raster values with specific weight using weighted overlay analysis method. Raster maps of all the layers assigned a fixed score and weight using multi-influencing factor technique. Based on the resulted map the study area has been divided into four zones that had very high potential zone (1%), high potential zone (14%), moderate zone potential (79%) and low potential zone (6%). About 50% of the high groundwater potential zone were located in Halabja, Rania, and Pshdar districts. Obtained results can be useful in localizing areas of exploration, preventing excessive exploitation of groundwater and planning for suitable sites of artificial groundwater.
References
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[3] A. Ashok, R. Reghunath and J. Thomas. “Mapping of Groundwater Recharge Potential Zones and Identification of Suitable Site-Specific Recharge Mechanisms in a Tropical River Basin, Earth Systems and Environment”, 2020.
[4] R. Gogu, G. Carabin, V. Hallet, V. Peters and A. Dassargues. “GISbased hydrogeological databases and groundwater modelling”. Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 555-569, 2001.
[5] J. Ghayoumian, M. M. Saravi, S. Feiznia, B. Nouri and A. Malekian. “Application of GIS techniques to determine areas most suitable for artificial groundwater recharge in a coastal aquifer in southern Iran”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 364-374, 2007.
[6] M. I. Adham, C. S. Jahan, Q. H. Mazumder, M. A. Hossain and A. M. Haque. “Study on groundwater recharge potentiality of Barind tract, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh using GIS and remote sensing technique”. Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 75, no.2, pp. 432-438, 2010.
[7] V. Singhal and R.Goyal. “GIS based methodology for groundwater flow estimation across the boundary of the study area in groundwater flow modeling”. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, vol. 3, no. 11, p. 824, 2011.
[8] N. S. Magesh, N. Chandrasekar and J. P. Soundranayagam. “Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Theni District, Tamil Nadu, Using Remote Sensing, GIS and MIF Techniques”, 2012.
[9] S. Kaliraj, N. Chandrasekar and N. S. Magesh. “Identification of potential groundwater recharge zones in Vaigai upper basin, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-based analytical hierarchical process (AHP) technique”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 7, no. 4, pp.1385-1401, 2014.
[10] P. K. Ghosh, S. Bandyopadhyay and N. C. Jana. “Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain Using Geoinformatics: A Case of Kumari Watershed in Western Part of West Bengal”, 2016.
[11] S. Kumar, B. K. Bhadra and R. Paliwal. “Evaluating the impact of artificial groundwater recharge structures using geo-spatial techniques in the hard-rock terrain of Rajasthan, India”. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 76, no. 17, p. 613, 2017.
[12] A. G. Selvarani, G. Maheswaran and K. Elangovan. “Identification of artificial recharge sites for Noyyal river basin using GIS and remote sensing”. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 67-77, 2017.
[13] H. A. Karim and D. A. Al-Manmi. “Integrating GIS-Based and Geophysical Techniques for Groundwater Potential Assessment in Halabja Said Sadiq Sub-Basin, Kurdistan, NE Iraq”, 2019.
[14] C. Serele, A. Perez-Hoyos and F. Kayitakire. “Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in the Drought-Prone Areas of South Madagascar Using Geospatial Techniques”, 2019.
[15] T. Dar, N. Rai and A. Bhat. “Delineation of Potential Groundwater Recharge Zones Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes”, 2020.
[16] S. Arya, T. Subramani and K. Duraisamy. “Delineation of groundwater potential zones and recommendation of artificial recharge structures for augmentation of groundwater resources in Vattamalaikarai Basin, South India”. Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 79, p. 102, 2020.
[17] M. O. Al-Djazouli, K. Elmorabiti, A. Rahimi, O. Amellah and O. A. Mohammed. “Delineating of groundwater potential zones based on remote sensing, GIS and analytical hierarchical process: A case of Waddai, eastern Chad”. GeoJournal, vol. 246, p. 5, 2020.
[18] D. Rawal and A. Vyas. “Application in GIS and groundwater modeling techniques to identify the perched aquifers to demarkate water logging conditions in parts of MEHASAN”. ISPRS annals of photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 173-180, 2016.
[19] S. K. Singh, M. Zeddies, U. Shankar and G. A. Griffiths. “Potential Groundwater Recharge Zones within New Zealand”, 2018.
[20] P. Arulbalaji, D. Padmalal and K. Sreelash. “GIS and AHP techniques based delineation of groundwater potential zones: A case study from Southern Western Ghats, India”. Scientific Reports, vol. 9. p. 2082, 2019.
[21] A. M. Rasheed. “Analysis of rainfall drought periods in the North of Iraq”. Al-Rafidain Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 60-72, 2010.
[22] N. F. Mustafa, H. M. Rashid and H. M. Ibrahim. “Aridity index based on temperature and rainfall data for kurdistan Region-Iraq”. Journal of University of Duhok, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 65-80, 2018.
[23] “United States Geological Survey Online Database”, 2019. Available from: https://www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov. [Last accessed on 2019 Sep 20]
[24] S. Zakaria, N. Al-Ansari, Y. T. Mustafa, S. Knutsson, P. S. Ahmad and B. D. Ghafour. “Rainwater harvesting at koysinjaq (Koya), Kurdistan region, Iraq”. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 25-46, 2013.
[25] M. L. Collin and A. J. Melloul. “Combined Land-Use and Environmental Factors for Sustainable Groundwater Management”. Urban Water, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 229-237, 2001.
[26] D. N. Lerner and B. Harris. “The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality”. Land Use Policy, vol. 26, pp. S265-S273, 2009.
[27] H. F. Yeh, Y. S. Cheng, H. I. Lin and C. H. Lee. “Mapping groundwater recharge potential zone using a GIS approach in Hualian River, Taiwan”. Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 26, pp. 33-43, 2016.
[28] K. Ibrahim-Bathis and S. A. Ahmed. “Geospatial technology for delineating groundwater potential zones in Doddahalla watershed of Chitradurga district, India”. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, vol. 19, pp. 223-234, 2016.
[29] S. L. Martin, D. B. Hayes, A. D. Kendall, and D. W. Hyndman. “The land-use legacy effect: Towards a mechanistic understanding of time-lagged water quality responses to land use/cover”. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 579, pp. 1794-1803, 2017.
[30] R. W. Healy. “Estimating Groundwater Recharge”. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2010.
[31] H. Bouwer. “Artificial recharge of groundwater: Hydrogeology and engineering”. Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 121-142, 2002.
[32] “Harmonized World Soil Database, Version 1.2”, 2012. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/nr/documents/hwsd/hwsd_documentation.pdf. [Last accessed on 2019 Sep 20]
[33] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). “FAO-Geonetwork, Online Database. Digital Soil Map of the World”, 2007. Available from: http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?id=14116. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 18]
[34] K. E. Keese, B. R. Scanlon and R. C. Reedy. “Assessing controls on diffuse groundwater recharge using unsaturated flow modelling”. Water Resources Research, vol. 41, no. 6, p. W06010, 2005.
[35] C. Mohan, A. W. Western, Y. Wei and M. Saft. “Predicting groundwater recharge for varying land cover and climate conditions-a global meta-study”. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2689-2703, 2018.
[36] G. D. Fontana and L. Marchi. “Slope-area relationships and sediment dynamics in two alpine streams”. Hydrological Processes, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 73-87, 2003.
[37] V. M. Rokade, P. Kundal and A. K. Joshi. “Groundwater potential modeling through remote sensing and GIS: A case study of Rajura Taluka, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra”. Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 943-948, 2007.
[38] J. M. Detty and K. J. McGuire. “Topographic controls on shallow groundwater dynamics: Implications of hydrologic connectivity between hillslopes and riparian zones in a till mantled catchment”. Hydrological Processes, vol. 24, no. 16, pp.2222-2236, 2010.
[39] S. Selvam, N. S. Magesh, P. Sivasubramanian, J. P. Soundranayagam, G. Manimaran and T. Seshunarayana. “Deciphering of groundwater potential zones in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing and GIS techniques”. Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 84, pp. 597-608, 2014.
[40] D. Greenbaum. “Review of Remote Sensing Applications to Groundwater Exploration in Basement and Regolith”. British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom. p. 63, 1985.
[41] S. Lakhwinder. “Groundwater Potential Zones, online course”, 2018. Available from: https://www.udemy.com/course/groundwater-potential-zones-using-gis-full-project-arcgis-tutorial/learn/lecture/12788101#overview. [Last accessed on 2019 Oct 15]
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2021-02-15
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Rashid, H. M. (2021). Modeling Groundwater Potential Zones across Sulaimani Governorate Using Geographic Information System and Multi-influencing Factor Techniques. UHD Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v5n1y2021.pp13-20
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