Urban Rainwater Harvesting Assessment in Sulaimani Heights District, Sulaimani City, KRG, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v5n1y2021.pp48-55Keywords:
Rainwater harvesting, Storm water management model, Soil conservation service, Runoff coefficient, Runoff, Sulaimani heightsAbstract
Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater and runoff from catchment areas such as roofs or other urban surfaces. Collected water has productive end-uses such as irrigation, industry, domestic, and can recharge groundwater. Sulaimani heights have been selected as a study area, which is located in Sulaimani Governorate in Kurdistan Region, North Iraq. The main objective of this study was to estimate the amount of harvested rainwater form Sulaimani heights urban area in Sulaimani City. Three methods for runoff calculation have been compared, the storm water management model (SWMM), the soil conservation service (SCS) method, and the runoff coefficient (RC) using daily rainfall data from 1991 to 2019. The annual harvested runoff results with the three different methods SWMM, SCS, and RC were estimated as 836,470 m3, 508,454 m3, and 737,381 m3, respectively. The results showed that SWMM method has the highest runoff result and could meet 31% of the total demand of the study area and 28% and 19% for RC and SCS methods, respectively.
References
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[34] R. N. Eli and S. J. Lamont. “Curve Numbers and Urban Runoff Modeling Application Limitations”. In: Low Impact Development 2010: Redefining Water in the City, pp. 405-418, 2010.
[35] D. A. Size. “Computing Stormwater Runoff Rates and Volumes”. New Jersey Storm water Best Management Practices, pp. 5-22, 2004.
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[2] T. M. Pinzón. “Modelling and Sustainable Management of Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Systems”. Theses, 2013.
[3] U. WWDR. Water and Energy, the United Nations World Water Development Report 2014 (2 volumes). UN World Water Assessment Programme, Unesco, Paris. Available from: ttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1714Water%20Development%20Report%202014.pdf. [Last accessed on 2019 Mar 19].
[4] A. K. Patra and S. Gautam. “A pilot scheme for rooftop rainwater harvesting at Centre of Mining Environment, Dhanbad”. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 1542-1548, 2011.
[5] S. N. Baby, C. Arrowsmith and N. Al-Ansari. “Application of GIS for mapping rainwater-harvesting potential: Case study Wollert, Victoria”. Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 14-21, 2019.
[6] K. Subagyono and H. Pawitan. “Water Harvesting Techniques for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Catchment Area”. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Integrated Watershed Management for Sustainable Water Use in a Humid Tropical Region, Tsukuba, 2008, pp. 18-30.
[7] D. Prinz, T. Oweis and A. Hachum. “The Concept, Components, and Methods of Rainwater Harvesting”. In: 2nd Arab Water Forum Living With Water Scarcity, Cairo, 2011, pp. 1-25.
[8] C. Bari. “Emerging Practices from Agricultural Water Management in Africa and the Near East”. Thematic Workshop, 2017.
[9] R. Harb. “Assessing the Potential of Rainwater Harvesting System at the Middle East Technical University-Northern Cyprus Campus”. Middle East Technical University Library. Available from: http://www.etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12619225/index.pdf. [Last accessed on 2016 Nov 10].
[10] R. H. Handbook. “Assessment of Best Practises and Experience in Water Harvesting”. African Development Bank, Abidjan, 2001.
[11] J. Julius, R. A. Prabhavathy and G. Ravikumar. “Rainwater harvesting (RWH)-A review”. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, vol. 2, p. 925, 2013.
[12] G. Freni and L. Liuzzo. “Effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems for flood reduction in residential urban areas”. Water, vol. 11, p. 1389, 2019.
[13] I. A. Alwan, N. A. Aziz and M. N. Hamoodi. “Potential water harvesting sites identification using spatial multi-criteria evaluation in Maysan Province, Iraq”. ISPRS International Journal of Geo- Information, vol. 9, p. 235, 2020.
[14] S. Zakaria, N. Al-Ansari, Y. Mustafa, S. Knutsson, P. Ahmed and B. Ghafour. “Rainwater harvesting at Koysinjaq (Koya), Kurdistan Region, Iraq”. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 25-46, 2013.
[15] I. Gnecco, A. Palla and P. La Barbera. “The role of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in storm water runoff mitigation”. Eur Water, vol. 58, pp. 497-503, 2017.
[16] N. F. Mustafa, H. M. Rashid and H. M. Ibrahim. “Aridity Index Based on Temperature and Rainfall Data for Kurdistan Region- Iraq”. Journal of Duhok University, vol. 21, pp. 65-80, 2018.
[17] J. Worm. “AD43E Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use”. Agromisa Foundation, 2006.
[18] Z. Ara and M. Zakwan. “Estimating runoff using SCS curve number method”. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 195-200, 2018.
[19] J. Gironás, L. A. Roesner, L. A. Rossman and J. Davis. “A new applications manual for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)”. Environmental Modelling and Software, vol. 25, pp. 813-814, 2010.
[20] W. R. C. James and L. A. Rossman. “User’s Guide to SWMM 5”. Computational Hydraulics International, 2010.
[21] L. A. Rossman. “Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual, Version 5.0”. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, 2010.
[22] J. Nipper. “Measurement and Modeling of Stormwater from Small Suburban Watersheds in Vermont”. Theses, 2016.
[23] S. Agarwal and S. Kumar. “Applicability of SWMM for semi urban catchment flood modeling using extreme rainfall events”. The International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 245-251, 2019.
[24] M. Waikar and U. Namita. “Urban flood modeling by using EPA SWMM 5”. SRTM University’s Research Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 20, 2015.
[25] H. Tikkanen. “Hydrological Modeling of a Large Urban Catchment Using a Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), Thesis, 2013.
[26] R. H. Hawkins, T. J. Ward, D. E. Woodward and J. A. Van Mullem. “Curve Number Hydrology: State of the Practice”. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008.
[27] A. Bansode and K. Patil. “Estimation of runoff by using SCS curve number method and arc GIS”. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 5, pp. 1283-1287, 2014.
[28] V. Chow, D. Maidment and W. L. Mays. “Applied Hydrology”. MacGraw-Hill,” Inc., New York, p. 149, 1988.
[29] N. Al-Ansari, S. Knutsson, S. Zakaria and M. Ezz-Aldeen. “Feasibility of Using Small Dams in Water Harvesting, Northern Iraq”. In: ICOLD Congress 2015: International Commission on Large Dams 15/06/2015-16/07/2015, 2015.
[30] M. Awawdeh, S. Al-Shraideh, K. Al-Qudah and R. Jaradat. “Rainwater harvesting assessment for a small size urban area in Jordan”. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 415-422, 2012.
[31] G. Dadhich and P. Mathur. “A GIS based analysis for rooftop rain water harvesting”. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, vol. 7, pp. 129-143, 2016.
[32] K. N. Sharief. “Water Supply Management of the Sulaymaniyah City”. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Duhok, p. 24, 2013.
[33] C. A. Novak, E. Van Giesen and K. M. DeBusk. “Designing Rainwater Harvesting Systems: Integrating Rainwater into Building Systems”. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2014.
[34] R. N. Eli and S. J. Lamont. “Curve Numbers and Urban Runoff Modeling Application Limitations”. In: Low Impact Development 2010: Redefining Water in the City, pp. 405-418, 2010.
[35] D. A. Size. “Computing Stormwater Runoff Rates and Volumes”. New Jersey Storm water Best Management Practices, pp. 5-22, 2004.
[36] G. R. Ghimire, R. Thakali, A. Kalra and S. Ahmad. “Role of Low Impact Development in the Attenuation of Flood Flows in Urban Areas”. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, pp. 339-349, 2016.
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Published
2021-04-27
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Gharib, K. N., Mustafa, N. F., & Rashid, H. M. (2021). Urban Rainwater Harvesting Assessment in Sulaimani Heights District, Sulaimani City, KRG, Iraq. UHD Journal of Science and Technology, 5(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v5n1y2021.pp48-55
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Copyright (c) 2021 Kani Namiq Gharib, Nawbahar Faraj Mustafa, Haveen Muhammed Rashid
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