The growing of Chinese influence in Iraq under U.S. invasion (2003-2013)

Authors

  • Hiwa Aziz Saeed Department of History, College of Humanities, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  • Hoshman Mahmod Department of Social Sciences, College of Primary Education, Halabja University, Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n4y2023.pp55-65

Keywords:

China, United States, Iraq, Oil, Trade

Abstract

The invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the United States and its allies, is one of the most important events of the early 21st century, that has had a major impact on Iraq, the Middle East and the relations among the great powers. Although the United States succeeded in occupying and destroying Saddam's regime, but this victory did not strengthen the US position in Iraq, rather until the withdrawal of US troops in 2011, Iraqis, despite political and military problems, strongly resisted the occupation. While the war cost the United States more than 3 trillion USD, it did not benefit economically and commercially from Iraq. On the contrary, China was one of the countries that initially opposed the war, both during and after the war, and did not join the US led coalition to invade Iraq, also considered the unilateral US decision to invade Iraq as a clear violation of international values and law. In addition, learned lessons from the occupation to renew his military and intelligence capabilities. On the other hand, it has formulated its political strategy on the basis of the new postwar gifts. On the other hand, it has increased its economic and commercial influence in Iraq, to the extent that scholars believe China is the biggest winner of the war.

References

یەكەم: بە زمانی ئینگلیزی:

Jane Kinninmont, Gareth Stansfield and Omar Sirri, Iraq on the International Stage, Foreign Policy and National Identity in Transition, Chattam House, 2013.

Congressional Research Service, informing the legislative debate since 1914, U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Updated November 29, 2022

Kurt M. Campbell, Nirav Patel, Richard Weitz: The Ripple Effect, China’s Responses to the Iraq War, center for new American security, October 2008,

بۆ خوێندنەوەی دەقی وتاری سەركەوتنی جۆرج بوش لە 1/5/2003، دەتوانیت لە ئەرشیفی كۆشكی سپی تەماشا بكەیت:

The White House Archive: Operation Iraqi Freedom, President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended, Remarks by the President from the USS Abraham Lincoln at Sea Off the Coast of San Diego, California, For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary May 1, 2003, retived from https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/ 05/20030501-15.html

United Nations digital library, Resolution 1483 (2003) / adopted by the Security Council at its 4761st meeting, on 22 May 2003, Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) [on lifting the economic sanctions on Iraq imposed by resolution 661 (1990)], UN. Security Council, (58th year: 2003), Resolution 1483 (2003) / (un.org)

Dahr Jamail, Western oil firms remain as US exits Iraq The end of the US military occupation does not mean Iraqis have full control of their oil. ALJAZEERA, 7 Jan 2012, retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/1/7/western-oil-firms-remain-as-us-exits-iraq

Hideki Matsunaga, The Reconstruction of Iraq after 2003, Learning from Its Successes and Failures, MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank, 2019,

Yitzhak Shichor, China Means Business in Iraq, China Brief Volume: 7 Issue: 21, November 20, 2007

Xinhua, Iraqi president kicks off first China visit, china daily, Updated: 2007-06-20 22:19.

Jeremy Sharp, and other redacted names: Iraq: international attitudes to Operation Iraqi Freedom and reconstruction. Paper presented at the CRS Report for Congress. Updated December 18, 2003, p 24

The Observatory of Economic Complexity: Bilateral Trade by Products, HISTORICAL DATA, retrieved from: https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/usa/partner/irq?dynamicBilateralTradeSelector=year2002

Thomas W. Donovan, Petroleum rounds reveal the level of Chinese involvement in oil and gas sector, International Law Office, June 7, 2010

Matt Schiavenza: Who Won the Iraq War? China But the spoils of victory aren't going to last, the ATLANTIC, MARCH 22, 2013, retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/03/who-won-the-iraq-war-china/274267/

Aseel Kami, China's Shanghai works on $1 bln power deal in Iraq, Rueters, MAY 29, 2010, retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/iraq-power-plant-idINLDE64S08720100529

Steve A. Yetiv and Katerina Oskarsson, Challenged Hegemony, The United States, China, and Russia in the Persian Gulf: (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018):

South China Morning Post, 13 May 2013,

Amjed H. Al-Masaoodi, CHINA AND IRAQ: 1949–2016, This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Political Science The University of Western Australia, 2021, unpublished

Lightreading, Huawei Wins Iraq Deal, 7/23/2007, retrieved from https://www.lightreading.com/huawei-wins-iraq-deal/d/d-id/644593

Donnchadh Mac an Ghoill, The Chinese Reconstruction of Iraq?, zero anthropology, ISSN 2562-9948, retrieved from, https://zeroanthropology.net/2013/10/26/the-chinese-reconstruction-of-iraq/

Wezeman, P. D., & Wezeman, S. T, Trends and International Arms Transfer, 2014., Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI. P 3, Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/FS/SIPRIFS1503.pdf

The Observatory of Economic Complexity, Bilateral Trade by Products, HISTORICAL DATA, retrieved from: https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/usa/partner/irq?dynamicBilateralTradeSelector=year2002

Dorraj, M., & English, J, The Dragon Nests: China’s Energy Engagement of the Middle East. China Report, 49(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445513479243

Ahmed Mousa Jiyad, The Demise of ExxonMobil in the Iraqi Petroleum Sector, 29th April 2021, retrieved from: https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2021/04/29/the-demise-of-exxonmobil-in-the-iraqi-petroleum-sector/

Dr. Naser AL-Tamimi: China in Iraq: winning without a war, retrieved in 2012022, published in 16 March, 2013, Available at, https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2013/03/16/China-in-Iraq-Winning-Without-a-War

Energy Information Administration EIA, Country analysis brief: Iraq. In: EIA Beta Independent and Statistic USA. 2013

William Rugh: American soft power and public diplomacy in the Arab world. Palgrave Commun 3, 16104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.104

Gene E. Bigler: Strategic Communications and the Decline of US Soft Power, International Law Studies, Volume 83 Global Legal Challenges: Command of the Commons, Strategic Communications, and Natural Disasters. P. 3. Retrieved from: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=ils

Joseph S. Nye, Jr: Can America Regain Its Soft Power After Abu Ghraib? Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Thursday, July 29, 2004. retrieved from: https://archive-yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/can-america-regain-its-soft-power-after-abu-ghraib

Shibley Telhami, The World Through Arab Eyes: Arab Public Opinion and the Reshaping of the Middle East. Basic Books, 2013, New York.

William Rugh, American soft power and public diplomacy in the Arab world. Palgrave Commun 3, 16104 (2017). P. 4, https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.104

The Future of US- Iraqi Relationship,

President Barak Obama’s Inaugural address, President Obama delivered his Inaugural Address, calling for a "new era of responsibility.", the White House PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA, Archive, retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/01/21/president-Barack-obamas-inaugural-address#:~:text=Summary%3A,%22new%20era%20of%20responsibility.%22&text=My%20fellow%20citizens%3A%20I%20stand,sacrifices%20borne%20by%20our%20ancestors.

JOSEPH S. NYE Jr: Why China Is Weak on Soft Power, web.archive.org, JAN. 17, 2012, retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075014/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/opinion/why-china-is-weak-on-soft-power.html?_r=0

Xinhua: Iraqi president kicks off first China visit, updated: 2007-06-20 22:19, retrieved from: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/20/content_898717.htm

دووەم: بەزمانی عەرەبی:

الجبوري، ابتهال محمد رضا داود، النفط العراقي والاحتلال الأمريكي، The International and Political Journal, 2013, Volume , Issue 23,، ص 18

السامرائي، هناء عبد الغفار حمود، تحليل تأثير النزاع التجاري الامريكي الصيني على الاقتصاد العراقي بعد عام 2003، رسالة ماجستير تقدم بها الى مجلس كلية الادارة والاقتصاد/ الجامعة المستنصرية ، وهي جزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة الماجستير في العلوم الاقتصادية، بغداد، 2021، ص97

سليم، د. نبيل محمد، العلاقات العراقية- الامريكية, دراسات دولية, 47,سنة2011,ص 16

العطية، هاني منعم دحام، تحليل تأثير النزاع التجاري الامريكي الصيني على الاقتصاد العراقي بعد عام 2003، رسالة ماجستير تقدم بها الباحث الى مجلس كلية الادارة والاقتصاد – الجامعة المستنصرية (غیر منشورة)، وهي جزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة الماجستير في العلوم الاقتصادية، بغداد، 2021 ، ص 108

العطية، هاني منعم دحام، تحليل تأثير النزاع التجاري الامريكي الصيني على الاقتصاد العراقي بعد عام 2003، رسالة ماجستير تقدم بها الباحث الى مجلس كلية الادارة والاقتصاد – الجامعة المستنصرية (غیر منشورة)، وهي جزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة الماجستير في العلوم الاقتصادية، بغداد، 2021 ، ص 108-109

مضخور، د. باهرمردان، العلاقات العراقية – الصينية في مرحلة ما بعد اقامة الشراكة الاستراتيجية 2015 نحو انشاء آلية للحوار الاستراجي العراقي – الصيني، مقال بحثي منشور في صحيفة الصباح البغدادية بمناسبة ذكرى مرور ستين عاما على إقامة العلاقات الدبلوماسية بين الصين والعراق.

سێیەم: بە زمانی كوردی:

سەعید، پ.ی.د.هیوا عەزیز و ئەحمەد، ئەیوب ظاهر، نەرمە هێز لە سیاسەت و پرۆسەی چاکسازیی چیندا (١٩٧٨-١٩٩٢)، مجلة جامعة التنمية البشرية، المجلد 4، العدد 1(2018)

عه‌زیز، د. سه‌ردار، به‌خێربێن بۆ سه‌رده‌می چینی له‌ كوردستان و عێراق، ژوری توێژینه‌وه‌كانی بزوتنه‌وه‌ی گۆڕان، سلێمانی، چاپی یه‌كه‌م. 2021

Published

2023-09-19

How to Cite

Saeed, H. A., & Mahmod, H. (2023). The growing of Chinese influence in Iraq under U.S. invasion (2003-2013). Journal of University of Human Development, 9(4), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n4y2023.pp55-65

Issue

Section

Articles