Mid-Victorian England and Female Emancipation: Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n1y2019.pp109-118Keywords:
Victorian Era, Materialism, Female Emancipation, Public and Private SpheresAbstract
One of the heated discussions of the Victorian era is female emancipation. In the heart of an industrial period when materialism, economic competition and public domain were dominated by men, women had the domestic sphere. The apparent difference between these two spheres was not tolerable for Elizabeth Gaskell and she critiqued it. Her novel North and South discusses the perceptions on women, the idea of industrialization, and class distinction in Victorian Era. Developing her main character Margaret Hale, Gaskell critiques her society and the mentality behind a perception of patriarchal and materialistic society. Gaskell develops her character on many different levels by giving her various roles especially in the industrial north. Valuing certain qualities women possess in the domestic level, Gaskell brings Margaret to the debates, businesses, factories, riots and public sphere of Milton. Gaskell presents the contemporary and Victorian readers with a different perception of women, their roles, and significance in the private and public spheres.
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Adams J. (2012). A History of Victorian Literature. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Basch, F. (1974). Relative creatures: Victorian women in society and the novel, 1837-67. London: Allen Lane.. Print
Brodetsky, T. (1986). Elizabeth Gaskell. Leamington Spa: Berg,. Print
Bodenheimer, R. (1979). “North and South: A Permanent State of Change.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 34. 3: 281-301 Web. Jstor. 21 Dec. 2012
Brown, L. P. (2000). “From Elizabeth Gaskell's ‘Mary Barton’ to Her ‘North and South’: Progress or Decline forWomen?” Victorian Literature and Culture 28. 2: 345-358 Web. Jstor, 25 Oct 2012
Craik, A. (1975). Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Provincial Novel. London: Methuen. Print
David, D. (1981). Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels: North and South, Our Mutual Friends, Daniel Deronda. London: Macmillan,. Print
Dredge, S. (2012). “Negotiating ‘a Women Work’ Philanthropy to Social Science in Gaskell’s North and South.” Victorian Literature and Culture 40: 83–97 Web. Project Muse 24. Oct 2012
Duthie, E. (1980). The Themes of Elizabeth Gaskell. London: Macmillan,. Print.
Elliott, D. (1994). “The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskell's North and South.” Nineteenth-Century Literature 49. 1: 21-49. Jstor. Web 21. Oct. 2012
Gallagher, C. (1985). “The industrial reformation of English fiction: social discourse and narrative form, 1832-1867.” Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. Print
Gaskell, E. (2002). North and South. London: Wordsworth Edition Ltd.,. Print.
Gilmour, R. (1986). The Novel in the Victorian Age. Baltimore: Edward Arnold.
Harman L. B (1988). “In Promiscuous Company: Female Public Appearance in Elizabeth Gaskell's "North and South.” Victorian Studies 31. 3: 351-374 Web. Jstor . 21 Dec. 2012
Henry N. (2007) “Elizabeth Gaskell and Social Transformation” The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell . Ed. Jill Matus. Cambridge: Cambridge. UP, 2007. 148-162. Print
Honeyman K. (2000). Women, gender and industrialization in England, 1700-1870. Basingstoke: Macmillan,. Print
Humble N. (2009). “Domestic Art.” Cambridge Companion to Victorian Culture. Ed. Francis O’Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge. UP,. 219-231. Print
Johnston J (1928). The Sociological Significance of the Novels of Mrs. Gaskell. 7. 2. 224-227 J stor.
Johnson, P. E (1994). “Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South: A National Bildungsroman.” The Victorian Newsletter 85: 1-9 Web. Project Muse 28 Oct. 2012
Jones A (2009). “Victorian Literary Theory.” The Cambridge Companion to Victorian Culture. Ed. Francis O’Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 236-254,. Print
Lansbury C. (1975). Elizabeth Gaskell: The Novel of Social Crisis. London: Elek,. Print
Levine P. (1990). Feminist lives in Victorian England: private roles and public commitment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990. Print
Longmuir A. (2012).“Consuming Subjects: Women and the Market in Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South.” Nineteenth-Century Contexts: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34:3: 237-252
Lown, J. (1990). Women and industrialization: gender at work in nineteenth-century England. Cambridge : Polity,. Print
Mann N. (1975). “Intelligence and Self-awareness in ‘North and South’: a Matter of Sex and Class.” Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 29. 1: 24-38. Web. Jstor. 21 Oct 2012
Matus, J. (2007). “Mary Barton and North and South” The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell . Ed. Jill Matus.Cambridge: Cambridge. UP. 27-45. Print
Parker, P. (1997). “Fictional Philanthropy in Elizabeth Gaskell's ‘Mary Barton’ and ‘North and South’ .” Victorian Literature and Culture 25. 2: 321-331. Jstor. Web 25 Oct 2012
--- (1997). “From ‘Ladies-Business’ to ‘Real Business’: , Elizabeth Gaskell's Capitalist Fantasy in North and South” Victorian Newsletter 1. 91 1-4 Web
Parker, J (1988). Women and welfare: ten Victorian women in public social service Basingstoke: Macmillan, print
Plunkett, J [et al.] (2011). Victorian literature : a sourcebook. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print
Polland A. (1965). Mrs. Gaskell: Novelist and Biographer. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1965. Print
Starr, E. (2002). “ ‘A Great Engine for Good’: The Industry of Fiction in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton and North and South.” Studies in the Novel 34. 4: 385-402. JSTOR .
Stoneman, P. (2007). “Gaskell, Gender, and the Family.” The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell. Ed. Matus Jill. Cambridge UP,. 131-147
Wootton, S. (2008). "The Changing Faces of the Byronic Hero in Middlemarch and North and South." Romanticism 14.1: 25-35 Web. Project MUSE 21 Dec. 2012.
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Published
2019-03-12
How to Cite
Mohammed, S. A. (2019). Mid-Victorian England and Female Emancipation: Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Journal of University of Human Development, 5(1), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n1y2019.pp109-118
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